https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0117-9722
Bibliography
Archives and Manuscript Collections
- Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division, Washington, DC.
- Abraham Lincoln Papers
- Carl Schurz Papers
Letters, autobiographies, personal accounts and other primary sources
- Andrews, W. H. Diary of W. H. Andrews, 1st Sergt. Co. M, 1st Georgia Regulars from February 1861 to May 2, 1865. N.p.: William Hill Andrews, 1891.
- Goyne, Minetta A. Lone Star and Double Eagle: Civil War Letters of a German-Texas Family. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1982.
- Kamphoefner, Walter D., and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home. Translated by Susan Carter Vogel. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
- Reinhart, Joseph R., ed. Two Germans in the Civil War: The Diary of John Daeuble and the Letters of Gottfried Rentschler, 6th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004.
- Schurz, Carl. The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz. Vol. 3. Edited by Frederic Bancroft and William Archibald Dunning. New York: McClure Co., 1908.
- Sideman, Belle B., and Lillian Friedman, eds. Europe Looks at the Civil War: An Anthology. New York: Onion Press, 1960.
Government documents
- U.S. Bureau of the Census. Population of the United States in 1860; Compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1864.
- U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States. 69th ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1948.
Newspapers and other periodicals
- Bedford Gazette (Bedford, Pennsylvania)
- Chicago Daily Tribune
- Civilian & Telegraph (Cumberland, Maryland)
- Daily Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia)
- Democratic Press (Preble County, Ohio)
- Evansville Daily Journal (Evansville, Indiana)
- Highland Weekly News (Highland, Indiana)
- New York Herald
- New York Times
- New York Tribune
- Lewiston Gazette (Lewiston, Pennsylvania)
- Orleans Independent Standard (Irasburgh, Vermont)
- Pomeroy Weekly Telegraph (Pomeroy, Ohio)
- Watertown Republican (Watertown, Wisconsin)
Secondary sources
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- Barkai, Avraham. Branching Out: German-Jewish Immigration to the United States, 1820–1914. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1994.
- Berkovich, Ilya. Motivation in War: The Experience of Common Soldiers in Old-Regime Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
- Bolton, Charles C. Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994.
- Boswell, Terry, Cliff Brown, John Bruggermann, and T. Ralph Peters, Jr. Racial Competition and Class Solidarity. New York: State University of New York Press, 2006.
- Burnett, Robyn, and Ken Luebbering. German Settlement in Missouri: New Lands, Old Ways. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996.
- Burton, William L. Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union’s Ethnic Regiments. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988.
- Cooper, Bernice. “Die Freie Gemeinde: Freethinkers on the Frontier.” Minnesota History Magazine 41 (January 1968): 53–60.
- Curran, Robert E. Shaping American Catholicism: Maryland and New York, 1805–1915. Washington, DC: Catholic University of American Press, 2012.
- Daniels, George. “Immigrant Vote in the 1860 Election: The Case of Iowa.” Mid-America: An Historical Review 44 (July 1962): 146–162.
- Dodd, William E. “The Fight for the Northwest, 1860.” The American Historical Review 16 (July 1911): 774–790.
- Doyle, Don H. The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War. New York: Basic Books, 2015.
- Efford, Alison C. German Immigrants, Race, and Citizenship in the Civil War Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013
- Engle, Stephen D. Yankee Dutchman: The Life of Franz Sigel. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993.
- Fredrickson, George M. “The Coming of the Lord: The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis.” In Religion and the American Civil War, edited by Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles R. Wilson, 110–130. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Frizzell, Robert W. Independent Immigrants: A Settlement of Hanoverian Germans in Western Missouri. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007.
- Geary, James W. We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991.
- Gutman, Herbert G. “Class Composition and the Development of the American Working Class, 1840–1890.” In Power and Culture: Essays on the American Working Class, edited by Ira Berlin, 382–391. New York: Pantheon Books, 1987.
- Hofmann, Annette R., ed. Turnen and Sport: Transatlantic Transfers. New York: Waxmann Publishing, 2004.
- Keegan, John. The American Civil War: A Military History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.
- Keil, Hartmut, and John B. Jentz, eds. German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1983.
- Knorr, Klaus E. The War Potential of Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956.
- Levine, Bruce. The Spirit of 1848: German Immigrants, Labor Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
- Linfield, Harry S. Statistics of Jews and Jewish Organizations: Historical Review of Ten Censuses, 1850–1937. New York: American Jewish Community, 1939.
- List, Joel Abraham. “A Society for the Preservation of the Jewish People (1819).” In The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History, edited by Paul R. Mendes-Fiohr and Jehuda Reinharz, 211–213. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Luebke, Frederick C., ed. Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.
- McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Mahin, Dean B. The Blessed Place of Freedom: Europeans in Civil War America. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2002.
- Maxwell, John F. Slavery and the Catholic Church: The History of Catholic Teaching Concerning the Moral Legitimacy of the Institution of Slavery. London: Barry Rose, 1975.
- Merritt, Keri Leigh. Masterless Men: Poor Whites and Slavery in the Antebellum South. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
- Miller, Randall M., Harry S. Stout, and Charles R. Wilson, eds. Religion and the American Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Monaghan, Jay. “Did Abraham Lincoln Receive the Illinois German Vote?” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 35 (June 1942): 133–139.
- Noll, Mark. “The Bible and Slavery.” In Religion and the American Civil War, edited by Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles R. Wilson, 89–109. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Rhodes, James F. History of the Civil War 1861–1865. New York: Macmillan, 1917.
- Shorter, Edward. “Middle-Class Anxiety in the German Revolution of 1848.” Journal of Social History 2 (April 1969): 189–215.
- Showalter, Dennis. The Wars of German Unification. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
- Smith, Stacey L. Freedom’s Frontier: California and the Struggle over Unfree Labor: Emancipation, and Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.
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- Swierenga, Robert P. “The Ethnic Voter and the First Lincoln Election.” In Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln, edited by Frederick C. Luebke, 129–150. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.
- Townsend, Mary B. Yankee Warhorse: A Biography of Major General Peter Osterhaus. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2010.
- Walker, Mack. “The Mercenaries.” New England Quarterly 39 (September 1966): 390–398.
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- Work, David K. Lincoln’s Political Generals. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
- Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. “Church, Honor, and Secession.” In Religion and the American Civil War, edited by Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles R. Wilson, 89–109. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.