Advanced search
Publication Cover
European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire Volume 30, 2023 - Issue 5: Voluntary Organisations, the Red Cross, and the Features of Humanitarian Reconstruction in Western Europe after the World Wars. Part 1 – After World War 1 / Croix-Rouge, organisations bénévoles et reconstruction en Europe occidentale après les guerres mondiales. Partie 1 – Après la Grande Guerre
Submit an article Journal homepage
128
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

At (Red) cross purposes: American Red Cross humanitarian ‘arrogance’ and France’s Great War relief and reconstruction, 1917–20

Michael E. McGuireDepartment of History, Mount Saint Mary College, Newburgh, NY, USACorrespondence[email protected]
View further author information
Pages 705-726 | Received 30 Mar 2022, Accepted 27 Apr 2023, Published online: 02 Oct 2023

Bibliography

Archival sources

  • National Archives II, College Park (RCNA2)
  • • Records of the American National Red Cross, Series 2, Record Group 200
  • Service Historique de la Défense, Château de Vincennes (SHD)
  • • Série N13 : Comissariat Général des Affairs de Guerre Franco-Américaines (Collection Tardieu)
  • • Série N16 : G.Q.G., 2e Bureau, Section des relations avec les administrations civiles.

Smith College Archives

Published sources

  • Ambrosious, L. E. Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  • American National Red Cross. Civilian Relief in Europe during the Post-World War I Period, 1919–1922. Washington: ANRC, 1945.
  • American Red Cross. The Work of the American Red Cross: Report by the War Council of Appropriations and Activities from Outbreak of War to November 1, 1917. Washington: ARC, 1917.
  • American Red Cross. Statement of Henry P. Davison, Chairman, on Behalf of the American Red Cross War Council on Its Retirement, March 1, 1919. Washington: ARC, 1919.
  • American Red Cross. The Work of the American Red Cross during the War: A Statement of Finances and Accomplishments for the Period July 1, 1917 to February 28, 1919. Washington: ARC, 1919.
  • Ames, F. American Red Cross Work among the French People. New York: Macmillan, 1921.
  • Bicknell, E. P. With the Red Cross in Europe, 1917–1922. Washington: ANRC, 1938.
  • Boswell, L. Rural Communism in France, 1920–1939. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
  • Capozzola, C. Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Cavaillon, J.-M., and S. Legout. “Duclaux, Chamberland, Roux, Grancher, and Metchnikoff: The Five Musketeers of Louis Pasteur.” Microbes and Infection 21, nos. 5–6 (2019): 192–201. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2019.06.006.
  • Clerc, D. “Les belles Leçons de M. Keynes.” L’Économie politique 58, no. 2 (2013): 53–66. doi:10.3917/leco.058.0053.
  • Clout, H. After the Ruins: Restoring the Countryside of Northern France after the Great War. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1996.
  • Commerce Department. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1918. Washington: GPO, 1919.
  • Costigliola, F. Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919–1933. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984.
  • Cretu, D. A. “Nationalizing International Relief: Romanian Responses to American Aid for Children in the Great War Era.” European Review of History: Revue européenne d’histoire 27, no. 4 (2020): 527–547. doi:10.1080/13507486.2019.1709049.
  • Darrow, M. H. French Women and the First World War: War Stories of the Home Front. Oxford: Berg, 2000.
  • Davison, H. P. The American Red Cross in the Great War. New York: Macmillan, 1919.
  • “Davison Hopeful for World Finance.” New York Times, May 24, 1919.
  • Dock, L. L., S. E. Pickett, C. D. Noyes, F. F. Clement, E. G. Fox, and A. R. Van Meter, eds. History of American Red Cross Nursing. New York: Macmillan, 1922.
  • Dowdall, A. Communities under Fire: Urban Life at the Western Front, 1914–1918. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.
  • Dulles, F. R. The American Red Cross: A History. Westport: Greenwood, 1971.
  • Fathi, R. “Sovereignty, Democracy, and Neutrality: French Foreign Policy and the National-Patriotic Humanitarianism of the French Red Cross, 1919–1928.” Contemporary European History, 2021. doi:10.1017/S096077732100062X.
  • Folks, H. “The Human Costs of the War (Published Remarks).” New York, October 10, 1919.
  • Folks, H. The Human Costs of the War. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920.
  • Forbes, J. The Quaker Star under Seven Flags, 1917–1927. Philadelphia: University Pennsylvania Press, 1962.
  • Herrmann, I. L’Humanitaire en questions: Réflexions autour de l’histoire du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge. Paris: Publications de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études, 2021.
  • Horn, M. “A Private Bank at War: J. P. Morgan & Co. and France, 1914–1918.” Business History Review 74, no. 1 (2000): 85–112. doi:10.2307/3116353.
  • Hunt, E. E. The Red Cross on the Front Lines in the Great Battle of 1918. Paris: ARC, 1918.
  • Hurd, C. The Compact History of the American Red Cross: The Story of the Red Cross Volunteers and the Organization in Which They Serve. New York: Hawthorn, 1959.
  • Hutchinson, J. F. Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross. Boulder: Westview, 1996.
  • Irwin, J. F. “Nation Building and Rebuilding: The American Red Cross in Italy during the Great War.” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 8, no. 3 (2009): 407–439. doi:10.1017/S1537781400001328.
  • Irwin, J. F. “Sauvons les Bébés: Child Health and U.S. Humanitarian Aid in the First World War Era.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 86, no. 1 (2012): 37–65. doi:10.1353/bhm.2012.0011.
  • Irwin, J. F. Making the World Safe: The American Red Cross and a Nation’s Humanitarian Awakening. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Irwin, J. F. “The Disaster of War: American Understanding of Catastrophe, Conflict, and Relief.” First World War Studies 5, no. 1 (2014): 17–28. doi:10.1080/19475020.2014.901180.
  • Jones, R. M. A Service of Love in Wartime: American Friends Relief Work in Europe, 1917–1919. New York: Macmillan, 1920.
  • Jordan, N. “The Reorientation of French Diplomacy in the mid-1920s: The Role of Jacques Seydoux.” English Historical Review 117, no. 473 (2002): 867–888. doi:10.1093/ehr/117.473.867.
  • Keene, J. D. Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
  • Kimball, T., and G. Ford. “The Work of the American Red Cross for French Reconstruction.” Landscape Architecture 19 (1919): 63–66.
  • Lamont, T. W. Henry P. Davison: The Record of a Useful Life, by His Friend. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1933.
  • League of Red Cross Societies. Proceedings of the Medical Conference Held at the Invitation of the Committee of Red Cross Societies, Cannes, France, April 1 to 11, 1919. Geneva: League of Red Cross Societies, 1919.
  • Levin, N. G. Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.
  • Link, A. S., Ed. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 42. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.
  • Little, B. “Failure to Launch: The American Red Cross in an Era of Contested Neutrality, 1914–19.” In The Red Cross Movement: Myths, Practices and Turning Points, edited by N. Wylie, M. Oppenheimer, and J. Crossland, 97–112. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
  • Lowe, K. A. “The League of Red Cross Societies and International Committee of the Red Cross: A Re-Evaluation of American Influence in Interwar Internationalism.” Moving the Social 57 (2017): 37–56.
  • McGuire, M. E. “Cultures de Guerre in Picardy, 1917.” Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 42, no. 3 ( Winter 2016): 29–50. doi:10.3167/hrrh.2016.420303.
  • McGuire, M. E. “A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and the Great War.” New England Quarterly 91, no. 2 (2018): 307–330. doi:10.1162/tneq_a_00671.
  • Mick, C. “1918: Endgame.” In The Cambridge History of the First World War, vol. 1, Global War, and J. Winter, 133–171. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Moore, W. H. Dissolution of the War Industries Board and Release of Its Industry Controls. Washington: Labor Department, 1942.
  • Moser Jones, M. The American Red Cross: From Clara Barton to the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.
  • Nivet, P. Les Réfugiés français de la grande guerre: Les ‘Boches du Nord’. Paris: Economica, 2004.
  • Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Vol. II. Washington: GPO, 1942.
  • Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Volume III. Washington: GPO, 1943.
  • Pickett, S. E. “The European War.” In History of American Red Cross Nursing, edited by L. L. Dock, S. E. Pickett, C. D. Noyes, F. F. Clement, E. G. Fox, and A. R. Van Meter, 387–684. New York: Macmillan, 1922.
  • Pickett, S. E. “Nursing Service to the Civilian Population of the Allies.” In History of American Red Cross Nursing, edited by L. L. Dock, S. E. Pickett, C. D. Noyes, F. F. Clement, E. G. Fox, and A. R. Van Meter, 756–952. New York: Macmillan, 1922.
  • Pickett, S. “Demobilization.” In History of American Red Cross Nursing, edited by L. L. Dock, S. E. Pickett, C. D. Noyes, F. F. Clement, E. G. Fox, and A. R. Van Meter, 983–1076. New York: Macmillan, 1922.
  • Proctor, T. M. Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
  • “Proposes United Effort of America to Assist Europe.” New York Times, June 14, 1919.
  • Pryor, E. B. Clara Barton, Professional Angel. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987.
  • Roberts, P. “The First World War as Catalyst and Epiphany: The Case of Henry P. Davison.” Diplomacy and Statecraft 18, no. 2 (2007): 315–350. doi:10.1080/09592290701322457.
  • Rodogno, D. “Certainty, Compassion, and the Ingrained Arrogance of Humanitarians.” In The Red Cross Movement: Myths, Practices and Turning Points, edited by N. Wylie, M. Oppenheimer and J. Crossland, 27–44. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
  • Rosenberg, E. S. Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982.
  • State Charities Aid Association. “Folks to Complete European Survey for Red Cross This Month.” S.C.A.A. News, 7 (February 1919): 3.
  • Survey Associates, Inc. “The Red Cross Asks All to Join.” The Survey 41 (December 14, 1918): 348.
  • Thomas, M. “Albert Sarraut, French Colonial Development and the Communist Threat, 1919–1930.” Journal of Modern History 77, no. 4 (2005): 917–955. doi:10.1086/499830.
  • Thornton, A. Archaeologists in Print: Publishing for the People. London: University College London Press, 2018.
  • Touzé, V. “L’Allemagne paiera. Chronique d’un échec et essai d’analyse cliométric contrefactuelle de l’impact générationnel des reparations allemandes.” Revue de l’OFCE 171 (2021): 279–310.
  • Trachtenberg, M. “Reparation at the Paris Peace Conference.” The Journal of Modern History 51, no. 1 (1979): 24–55. doi:10.1086/241847.
  • Trachtenberg, M. Reparation in World Politics: France and European Economic Diplomacy, 1916–1923. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
  • Trattner, W. I. Homer Folks: Pioneer in Social Welfare. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968.
  • United States Army. United States Army in the World War, 1917–1919: Reports of the Commander-in-Chief, Staff Sections and Services. Vol. 14. Washington: U.S. Army, 1948.
  • The United States at War: Organizations and Literature I, June 1917. Gen. Ed. Herman and H. B. Meyer. Washington: GPO, 1917.
  • United States Shipping Board. First Annual Report of the United States Shipping Board, December 1, 1917. Washington: GPO, 1917.
  • Van Meter, R. H., Jr. “The United States and European Recovery, 1918–1923: A Study of Public Policy and Private Finance.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1971.
  • “Vast Corporation to Rebuild World.” New York Times, June 16, 1919.
  • Witte, W. D. S. “American Quaker Pacifism and the Peace Settlement of World War I.” Bulletin of the Friends Historical Association 46 (1957): 84–98.
  • Woodward, D. The American Army and the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Wylie, N., O. Melanie, C. James. “The Red Cross Movement: Continuities, Changes and Challenges.” In The Red Cross Movement: Myths, Practices and Turning Points, edited by N. Wylie, M. Oppenheimer, and J. Crossland, 1–26. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
  • Young, R. J. Marketing Marianne: French Propaganda in America, 1900–1940. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004.
  • Zieger, R. H. America’s Great War: World War I and the American Experience. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.