Low density lipoproteins and atherosclerosis—quantity or quality?

References

• Brown M S, Goldstein J L. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science 1986; 232: 34–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J L, Ho Y K, Basu S K, Brown M. S. Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low-density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 333–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J L, Brown MS. Familial hypercholesterolaemia. In: Scriver C R, Beaudet A L, Sly W S, Valle D, eds. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989: pp. 1215–1250.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew T E, Khoo J C, Witztum J L. Beyond cholesterol: modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. New Engl J Med 1989; 320: 915–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisolm G M. Antioxidants and atherosclerosis: a current assessment. Clin Cardiol 1991; 14: 125–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witztum J L, Steinberg D. Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1785–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinger M D, Gorog PG, Freeman A, Kakkar V V. Lipid peroxides and atherosclerosis. BMJ 1989; 298: 281–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams R J, Motteram J M, Sharp CH, Gallagher P J. Dietary vitamin E and the attenuation of early lesion development in modified Watanabe rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1992; 94: 153–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasahara M, Raines E W, Chait A et al. Inhibition of hypercholesterolaemia-induced atherosclerosis in the nonhuman primate by probucol. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 155–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jialal I, Grundy S M. Effect of dietary supplementation with α-tocopherol on the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 1992; 33: 899–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven P D, Parthasarathy S, Beltz W F, Witztum J L. Effect of probucol dosage on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels and on protection of low density lipoprotein against in vitro oxidation in humans. Arteriosclerosis 1992; 12: 318–24.
   Google Scholar
• Gey K F, Puska P, Jordan P, Moser U K. Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischaemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 326S–34S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris D L, Kritchevsky S B, Davis C E. Serum carotenoids and coronary artery disease: the Lipid Research Clinic's coronary primary prevention trial and follow-up study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1439–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimm E B, Stampfer M J, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz G A, Willett W C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk for coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1450–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampfer M J, Hennekens C H, Manson J E, Colditz G A, Rosneer B, Willet W C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk for coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1444–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hense H W, Stender M, Bors W, Keil U. Lack of association between serum vitamin E and myocardial infarction in a population with high vitamin E levels. Atherosclerosis 1993; 103: 21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The α-Tocopherol, β-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and β-carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1029–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esterbauer H, Striegl H, Puhl H, Rotheneder M. Continuous monitoring of in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Free Rad Res Commun 1989; 6: 67–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regenstrom J, Nilsson J, Tomvall P, Landou C, Hamsten A. Susceptibility to low density lipoprotein oxidation and coronary atherosclerosis in man. Lancet 1992; 339: 1183–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Cuddy T E, Pierce G N. Oxidative status of lipoproteins in coronary disease patients. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 285–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raal F J, Areias A J, Waisberg R, von Arb M. Susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Patsch W, Ostlund R, Kuisk I, Levy R, Schonfeld G. Characterization of lipoprotein in a kindred with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 1196–1205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng B, Thompson G R, Sniderman A D, Forte T M, Krauss R M, Kwiterovich P O. Composition and distribution of low density lipoprotein fractions in hyperapobetalipoproteinemia, normolipidemia, and familial hypercholesterolaemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1983; 80: 6662–6666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Graaf J, Hak-Lemmers H L M, Hectors M P C, Demacker P N M, Hendriks J C M, Stalenhoef A F H. Enhanced susceptibility to in vitro oxidation of the dense low density lipoprotein subfraction in healthy subjects. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 298–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chait A, Brazg R L, Tribble D L. Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B. Am J Med 1993; 94: 350–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavy A, Brook G J, Dankner G, Amotz A M, Aviram M. Enhanced in vitro oxidation of plasma lipoprotein derived from hypercholesterolaemic patients. Metabolism 1991; 40: 794–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cominacini L, Garbin U, Pastorino A M et al. Predisposition to LDL oxidation in patients with and without angiographically established coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1993; 99: 63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raal F J, Areias A J, Pilcher G J, Joffe B I, Seftel H C. Lack of effect of high dose vitamin E on xanthoma regression in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1994; 107: 213–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker S G, Joffe B I, Mendelsohn D, Seftel H C. Treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia with probucol. S Afr Med J 1982; 62: 71–11.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamato A, Matsuzawa Y, Kishino B, Hayashi R, Hirobe K, Kikkawa T. Effects of probucol on homozygous cases of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1983; 48: 157–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson R, Hogue M, Milne R W, Tall A R, Marcel Y L. Increase in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein during probucol treatment: relation to changes in high density lipoprotein composition. Arteriosclerosis 1991; 11: 476–481.
   Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy S. Evidence for an additional intracellular site of action of probucol in the prevention of oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1618–1621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leake D S, Rankin S M. The oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins by macrophages. Biochem J 1990; 270: 741–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witztum J L. Susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. Am J Med 1993; 94: 347–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigon F, Lesnik P, Rouis M, Chapman J. Discrete subspecies of human low density lipoproteins are heterogeneous in their interaction with the cellular LDL receptor. J Lipid Res 1991; 32: 1741–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappell D A, Fry G L, Waknitz M A, Berns J J. Evidence for isomerization during binding of apolipoprotein-B100 to low density lipoprotein receptors. Biol Chem 1992; 267: 270–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelli W P, Anderson K. A population at risk. Prevalence of high cholesterol levels in hypertensive patients in the Framingham Study. Am J Med 1986; 80 (suppl 2A): 23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss R M, Burke D J. Identification of multiple subclasses of plasma low density lipoprotein in normal humans. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin M A, King M-C, Vranizan K M, Krauss R M. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype: a proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk. Circulation 1990; 82: 495–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven G M, Chen Y-D I, Jeppesen J, Maheux P, Krauss R M. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemiain individuals with small, dense, low density lipoprotein particles. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selby J V, Austin M A, Newman B et al. LDL subclass phenotypes and the insulin resistance syndrome in women. Circulation 1993; 88: 381–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin M A, Breslow J L, Hennekens C H, Buring J E, Wilett W C, Krauss R M. Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1988; 260: 1917–1921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin B A, Freeman D I, Tait G W et al. Role of plasma triglyceride in the regulation of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions: relative contribution of small, dense LDL to coronary heart disease risk. Atherosclerosis 1994; 106: 241–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornvall P, Karpe F, Carlson L A, Hamsten A. Relationships of low density lipoprotein subfractions to angiographically defined coronary artery disease in young survivors of myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 1991; 90: 67–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouse J R, Parks J S, Schey H M, Kahl F R. Studies of low density lipoprotein molecular weight in human beings with coronary artery disease. J Lipid Res 1985; 26: 566–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribble D L, Holl L G, Wood P D, Krauss R M. Variations in oxidative susceptibility among six low density lipoprotein subfractions of differing density and particle size. Atherosclerosis 1992; 93: 189–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurt-Camejo E, Camejo G, Rosengren B, Lopez F, Wiklund O, Bondjers G. Differential uptake of proteoglycan-selected subfractions of low density lipoprotein by human macrophages. J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 1387–1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar