References
- Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report 2012: The State of the World's Human Rights. London: Amnesty International Ltd, 2012. http://www.amnesty.org/en/annual-report/2012
- Arenas, Nelly. “Las organizaciones empresariales venezolanas bajo el gobierno de Hugo Chávez (1999–2007): ¿De la sociedad civil nacional a la internacional?” Cuadernos del Cendes 26, no. 71 (2009): 1–26.
- Blanco Muñoz, Agustín. Habla El Comandante Hugo Chávez Frías: Venezuela Del 4 Febrero 92 Al 6 De Diciembre 98. Caracas: Fundación Cátedra Pío Tamayo, 1998.
- Bloomberg News. “New Cars for the Army as Venezuelans Line Up for Food.” Bloomberg, September 29, 2014. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-29/venezuelan-army-enjoys-meat-to-cars-denied-most-citizens.html
- Boniface, Dexter S. “The OAS's Mixed Record.” In Promoting Democracy in the Americas, edited by Thomas F. Legler, Sharon F. Lean, and Dexter S. Boniface, 40–62. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
- Caldera, Juan José. “El Sobreseimiento de Chávez.” Web document. Caracas, 2007. http://rafaelcaldera.com/image/userfiles/image/libros_y_folletosRC_pdf/El_sobreseimiento_de_Chavez.pdf
- Caldera, Rafael. “Respuesta de Rafael Caldera.” Tal Cual, April 25, 2001. http://www.talcualdigital.com/ediciones/2001/04/25/p6s3.htm
- Capoccia, Giovanni. Defending Democracy: Reactions to Extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
- Carter Center. The Carter Center and the Peacebuilding Process in Venezuela June 2002-February 2005 Summary. Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center, 2005.
- Carter Center. Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report. Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center, February 2005.
- Carter Center. Study Mission to the October 7, 2012, Presidential Election in Venezuela: Final Report. Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center, October 2012.
- Carter Center. “Preliminary Report, Study Mission of the Carter Center: Presidential Elections in Venezuela April 14, 2013.” The Carter Center, July 1, 2013. http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/venezuela-pre-election-rpt-2013.pdf
- Castaldi, Lauren. “Judicial Independence Threatened in Venezuela: The Removal of Venezuelan Judges and the Complications of Rule of Law Reform.” Georgetown Journal of International Law 37 (2005): 477–506.
- Center for Systemic Peace. “INSCR Data Page.” 2014. http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html
- “Challenging Chávez-for-Life.” The Economist, November 15, 2007.
- Ciccariello-Maher, George. We Created Chávez: A People's History of the Venezuelan Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013.
- Committee to Protect Journalists. “Attacks on the Press (Various Years).” 2014. https://www.cpj.org/2014/02/attacks-on-the-press-in-2013.php
- Conniff, Michael. Populism in Latin America. 2nd ed. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2012.
- Consejo Nacional Electoral. “Resultados Electorales.” October 13, 2014. http://www.cne.gob.ve/web/index.php
- Coppedge, Michael. “Explaining Democratic Deterioration in Venezuela Through Nested Interference.” In The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks, edited by Frances Hagopian and Scott Mainwaring, 289–318. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- Coppedge, Michael. “Parties and Society in Mexico and Venezuela: Why Competition Matters.” Comparative Politics 25, no. 3 (April 1, 1993): 253–74. doi: 10.2307/422245
- Coppedge, Michael. “Venezuela's Vulnerable Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 3, no. 4 (1992): 32–44. doi: 10.1353/jod.1992.0060
- Delgado, Ana María. “Inquietud En El Chavismo Por Brutal Represión Contra Manifestantes Venezolanos.” El Nuevo Herald, March 25, 2014. http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/02/25/1688659/surgen-senales-de-nerviosismo.html
- Downs, William M. Political Extremism in Democracies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. http://www.palgrave.com%2Fpage%2Fdetail%2Fpolitical-extremism-in-democracies-william-m-downs%2F%3FK%3D9780230340794
- Egaña, Fernando. “Auge Y Caída de Venezuela (V): La Crisis Bancaria.” Zeta 1224 (May 13, 1999): 24–32.
- Ellner, Steve. “The Emergence of a New Trade Unionism in Venezuela with Vestiges of the Past.” Latin American Perspectives 32, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 51–71. doi: 10.1177/0094582X04273868
- European Union Election Observation Mission. European Union Electoral Observation Mission Venezuela 2005. Caracas, 2006. http://eeas.europa.eu/eueom/pdf/missions/finalreportenversion.pdf
- Fernandes, Sujatha. “Radio Bemba in an Age of Electronic Media: The Dynamics of Popular Communication in Chávez's Venezuela.” In Venezuela's Bolivarian Democracy: Participation, Politics, and Culture under Chávez, edited by David Smilde and Daniel Hellinger, 131–56. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.
- Freedom House. “Freedom of the Press,” 2014. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-press#.U5nbryhhuSo
- Freedom House. “Freedom of the Press 2014: Venezuela (Draft Report).” 2014. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2014#.U5nVSShhuSp
- Freedom House. “Freedom in the World 2014: Venezuela,” 2014. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/venezuela-0#.U5nPPShhuSo
- García-Guadilla, María Pilar. “Civil Society: Institutionalization, Fragmentation, and Autonomy.” In Venezuelan Politics in the Chavez Era: Class, Polarization, and Conflict, edited by Steve Ellner and Daniel Hellinger, 1st ed. 179–96. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004.
- Hawkins, Eliza Tanner. “Conflict and the Mass Media in Chávez's Venezuela.” Paper presented at the Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Dallas, TX, 2003.
- Hawkins, Kirk A. “The Logic of Linkages: Antipartyism, Charismatic Movements, and the Breakdown of Party Systems in Latin America.” Doctoral dissertation. Durham, NC: Duke University, 2003.
- Hawkins, Kirk A. Venezuela's Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
- Hawkins, Kirk A., and Bojana Kocijan. “Codebook for Measuring Populist Discourse: Populist Discourse Project at Central European University.” 2013.
- Human Rights Watch. A Decade Under Chávez: Political Intolerance and Lost Opportunities for Advancing Human Rights in Venezuela. New York, September 18, 2008. http://www.hrw.org/node/75991
- Human Rights Watch. Rigging the Rule of Law: Judicial Independence under Siege in Venezuela. Human Rights Watch, 2004. http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/venezuela0604/venezuela0604.pdf
- Human Rights Watch. Tightening the Grip: Concentration and Abuse of Power in Chávez's Venezuela, 2012. http://www.hrw.org/node/108884
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (OAS). “Press Release: IACHR Deeply Concerned over Result of Veneazuela's Denunciation of the American Convention.” Text, August 1, 2009. http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2013/064.asp.
- International Bar Association. Distrust in Justice: The Afiuni Case and the Independence of the Judiciary in Venezeula. London: International Bar Association, April 2011. http://www.ibanet.org/Document/Default.aspx?DocumentUid=CE82F018-221F-465B-81CD-2C4E1669A2EE
- Kitschelt, Herbert, Kirk A. Hawkins, Juan Pablo Luna, Guillermo Rosas, and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister. Latin American Party Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
- Kurtz, Marcus J. Latin American State Building in Comparative Perspective: Social Foundations of Institutional Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Legler, Thomas. “Venezuela 2002–2004: The Chávez Challenge.” In Promoting Democracy in the Americas, edited by Thomas F. Legler, Sharon F. Lean, and Dexter S. Boniface, 204–24. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
- Levine, Daniel H. Conflict and Political Change in Venezuela. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.
- Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
- Mainwaring, Scott, and Timothy Scully. Democratic Governance in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009.
- Morgan, Jana. Bankrupt Representation and Party System Collapse. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2011.
- Mudde, Cas. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- Neumann, William. “Protests Swell in Venezuela as Places to Rally Shrink.” The New York Times, February 21, 2014.
- Observatorio Electoral Venezolano. Informe Final: Observación Elecciones Presidenciales 14 de Abril de 2013. Caracas: Observatorio Electoral Venezolano, May 18, 2013. http://www.oevenezolano.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/OEV-PRESIDENCIALES-2013-INFORME-FINAL-OEV.pdf
- Ojo Electoral. Ojo Electoral a Propósito de Las Elecciones Parlamentarias Del 26-S. Caracas: Ojo Electoral Asociación Civil, 2010. http://www.ojoelectoral.org/admin/informes/APropositoDel26S.pdf
- Ortiz, Nelson. “Entrepreneurs: Profits without Power?” In The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela, edited by Jennifer L. McCoy, and David J. Myers, 71–92. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
- Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. Presidential Impeachment and the New Political Instability in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- Peruzzotti, Enrique, and Catalina Smulovitz, eds. Enforcing the Rule of Law: Social Accountability in the New Latin American Democracies. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006.
- Romero, Simon, and Jens Erik Gould. “Students Emerge as a Leading Force Against Chavez.” The New York Times, November 10, 2007.
- Rummens, Stefan, and Koen Abts. “Defending Democracy: The Concentric Containment of Political Extremism.” Political Studies 58, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 649–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2009.00809.x
- Salamanca, Luis. “Civil Society: Late Bloomers.” In The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela, edited by Jennifer L. McCoy and David J. Myers, 93–114. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
- Schiller, Naomi. “Catia Sees You: Community Television, Clientelism, and the State in the Chávez Era.” In Venezuela's Bolivarian Democracy: Participation, Politics, and Culture under Chávez, edited by David Smilde and Daniel Hellinger, 104–30. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books, 2011.
- Seawright, Jason. Party-System Collapse: The Roots of Crisis in Peru and Venezuela. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012.
- Smilde, David, and Coraly Pagan. “Christianity and Politics in Venezuela's Bolivarian Democracy: Catholics, Evangelicals, and Political Polarization.” In Venezuela's Bolivarian Democracy: Participation, Politics, and Culture under Chávez, edited by David Smilde and Daniel Hellinger, 315–39. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.
- Smith, Peter H. Talons of the Eagle: Latin America, the United States, and the World. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
- Trinkunas, Harold A. “The Transformation of the Bolivarian Armed Force.” In The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations, edited by Thomas C. Bruneau and Florina Cristiana Matei, 123–34. New York: Routledge, 2012.
- United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. “Homicide Counts and Rates, Time Series 2000–2012.” 2014. http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html
- Wilson, Peter. “A Revolution in Green.” Foreign Affairs, October 1, 2014. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/142133/peter-wilson/a-revolution-in-green
- Zago, Angela. La rebelión de los ángeles. 4th ed. Caracas, Venezuela: Warp Ediciones, 1998.