Online clustering, fear and uncertainty in Egypt’s transition

Bibliography

• Abdullah, Rasha. Egypt’s Media in the Midst of Revolution. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Aday, Sean, Henry Farrell, Marc Lynch, John Sides, John Kelly, and Ethan Zuckerman. Blogs and Bullets: New Media and Contentious Politics. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ahy, Maximillian. “Networked Communication and the Arab Spring: Linking Broadcast and Social Media.” New Media & Society 18, no. 1 (2016): 99–116. doi: 10.1177/1461444814538634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aouragh, Miriyam, and Anne Alexander. “The Egyptian Experience: Sense and Nonsense of the Internet Revolution.” International Journal of Communication 5 (2011): 1344–1358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arceneaux, Kevin, and Martin Johnson. Changing Minds or Changing Channels? Partisan News in an Age of Choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Arceneaux, Kevin, Martin Johnson, and Chad Murphy. “Polarized Political Communication, Oppositional Media Hostility, and Selective Exposure.” The Journal of Politics 74, no. 1 (2012): 174–186. doi: 10.1017/S002238161100123X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asad, Talal. “Fear and the Ruptured State: Reflections on Egypt after Mubarak.” Social Research 79, no. 2 (2012): 271–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badr, Hanan. “Limitations of the Social Media Euphoria in Communication Studies.” Egypte/Monde Arabe 12 (2015). http://ema.revues.org/3451.
   Google Scholar
• Barbera, Pablo, John T. Tost, Jonathan Nagler, Joshua A. Tucker, and Richard Bonneau. “Tweeting from Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More than an Echo Chamber?” Psychological Science 26, no. 10 (2015): 1531–1542. doi: 10.1177/0956797615594620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, Matthew, and Tim Groeling. “New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse.” Political Communication 25 (2008): 345–365. doi: 10.1080/10584600802426965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benstead, Lindsey. “Why do Some Arab Citizens see Democracy as Unsuitable for their Country?” Democratization 22, no. 7 (2015): 1183–1208. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2014.940041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleck, Jaimie, and Nicholas van de Walle. “Valence Issues in African Elections: Navigating Uncertainty and the Weight of the Past.” Comparative Political Studies 46, no. 11 (2013): 1394–1421. doi: 10.1177/0010414012453448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondel, Vincent, Jean-Loup Guillaume, Renaud Lambiotte, and Etienne Lefebvre. “Fast Unfolding of Communities in Large Networks.” Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment (2008). doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008. ArXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/0803.0476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borge-Holthoefer, Javier, Walid Magdy, Kareem Darwish, and Ingmar Weber. “Content and Network Dynamics Behind Egyptian Political Polarization on Twitter.” Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing CSCW (2014). ArXiv:1410:3097
   Google Scholar
• Bou Nassif, Hicham. “Coups and Nascent Democracies: The Military and Egypt’s Failed Consolidation.” Democratization 24, no. 1 (2017): 157–174. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2016.1142533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breuer, Anita, Todd Landman, and Dorothea Farquhar. “Social Media and Protest Mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian Revolution.” Democratization 22, no. 4 (2015): 764–792. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2014.885505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns, Axel, Tim Highfield, and Jean Burgess. “The Arab Spring and Social Media Audiences: English and Arabic Twitter Users and Their Networks.” American Behavioral Scientist 57, no. 7 (2013): 871–898. doi: 10.1177/0002764213479374
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brym, Robert, Melissa Godbout, Andreas Hoffbauer, Gabe Menard, and Tony Huigquan Zhang. “Social Media in the 2011 Egyptian Uprising.” The British Journal of Sociology 65, no. 2 (2014): 266–292. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colleoni, Elanor, Alessandro Rozza, and Adam Arvidsson. “Echo Chamber or Public Sphere? Predicting Political Orientation and Measuring Political Homophily in Twitter using Big Data.” Journal of Communication 64, no. 2 (2014): 317–332. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conover, Michael D., Jacob Ratkiewicz, Matthew Francisco, Bruno Goncalves, Filippo Menczer, and Alessandro Flammini. “Political Polarization on Twitter.” Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 2011, 89–96. Barcelona: AAAI.
   Google Scholar
• Durac, Vincent. “Social Movements, Protest Movements and Cross-ideological Coalitions – the Arab Uprisings Reappraised.” Democratization 22, no. 2 (2015): 239–258. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2015.1010809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eltantawy, Nahed, and Julie Wiest. “Social Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Reconsidering Resource Mobilization Theory.” International Journal of Communication 5 (2011): 1207–1224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faris, David. Dissent and Revolution in a Digital Age: Social Media, Blogging and Activism in Egypt. New York: Palgrave, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, Henry. “The Consequences of the Internet for Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 15 (2012): 35–52. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freelon, Deen, Marc Lynch, and Sean Aday. “Online Fragmentation in Wartime: A Longitudinal Analysis of Tweets About Syria.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 659 (2014): 166–179.
   Google Scholar
• Gentzkow, Matthew, and Jesse Shapiro. “Ideological Segregation Online and Offline.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126, no. 4 (2011): 1799–1839. doi: 10.1093/qje/qjr044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafez, Kai. “Radically Polarized Publics and the Demise of Media Freedom in Egypt.” Egypte/Monde Arabe 12 (2015). http://ema.revues.org/3397.
   Google Scholar
• Haggitai, Esther. “Is Bigger Always Better? Potential Biases of Big Data Derived from Social Network Sites.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 65 (2015): 63–76.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna, Alex. “Computer-aided Content Analysis of Digitally Enabled Movements.” Mobilization 18, no. 4 (2013): 367–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, Anders C. “Beyond the Arab Revolts: Conceptualizing Civil Society in the Middle East and North Africa.” Democratization 22, no. 6 (2015): 1131–1153. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2014.917626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, Mazen, Elisabeth Kendall, and Stephen Whitefield. “Media, Cultural Consumption and Support for Democracy in Contemporary Egypt.” Political Studies (Published Online April 17, 2015). doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinnebusch, Raymond. “Conclusion: Agency, Context and Emergent Post-uprising Regimes.” Democratization 22, no. 2 (2015): 359–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, Shanto, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes. “Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. 3 (2012): 405–431. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfs038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, Shanto, and Sean Westwood. “Fear and Loathing Across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization.” American Journal of Political Science 59, no. 3 (2015): 690–707. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamis, Samar, and Katherine Vaughn. “We are All Khaled Said: The Potentials and Limitations of Cyberactivism in Triggering Public Mobilization and Promoting Political Change.” Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 4, nos. 2–3 (2011): 145–163.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, Merlyna. “Clicks, Cabs and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt, 2004–2011.” Journal of Communication 62, no. 2 (2012): 231–248. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01628.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan, Gilad, Erhardt Graeff, Mike Ananny, Devin Gaffney, Ian Pearce, and dana boyd. “The Revolutions Were Tweeted: Information Flows During the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions.” International Journal of Communication 5 (2011): 1375–1405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luong, Pauline J. “After the Break-up: Institutional Design in Transitional States.” Comparative Political Studies 33, no. 5 (2000): 563–592. doi: 10.1177/0010414000033005001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupu, Noam, and Rachel Riedl. “Political Parties and Uncertainty in Developing Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 46, no. 11 (2013): 1339–1365. doi: 10.1177/0010414012453445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lust, Ellen, Jakob Mathias Wichmann, and Gamal Soltan. “Why Fear Explains the Failure of Egypt’s Transition.” Washington Post, January 26, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Nanabhay, Mohamed, and Roxane Farmanfarmaian. “From Spectacle to Spectacular: How Physical Space, Social Media and Mainstream Broadcast Amplified the Public Sphere in Egypt’s ‘Revolution’.” The Journal of North African Studies, 16, no. 4 (2011): 573–603. doi: 10.1080/13629387.2011.639562
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, Thomas. “The Primacy of Political Security: Contentious Politics and Insecurity in the Tunisian Revolution.” Democratization 22, no. 7 (2015): 1209–1229. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2014.949247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Phillipe Schmitter. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule Volume 4: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. “Egyptians Increasingly Glum.” May 16, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Prior, Markus. “Media and Political Polarization.” Annual Review of Political Science 16 (2013): 101–127. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, Alexa. “Connecting in Crisis: ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Media and the Arab Spring.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 18, no. 3 (2013): 325–341. doi: 10.1177/1940161213484971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakr, Naomi. “Social Media, Television Talk Shows, and Political Change in Egypt.” Television and New Media 14, no. 4 (2013): 322–337. doi: 10.1177/1527476412463446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schedler, Andres. The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, Alex. “Tweeting Beyond Tahrir: Ideological Diversity and Political Tolerance in Egyptian Twitter Networks.” Unpublished working paper, New York University, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, David. “Social Networks and the Mass Media.” American Political Science Review 107, no. 4 (2013): 786–805. doi: 10.1017/S0003055413000452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacher, Joshua. “Fragmenting States, New Regimes: Militarized State Violence and Transition in the Middle East.” Democratization 22, no. 2 (2015): 259–275. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2015.1010810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepan, Al, and Juan Linz. “Democratization Theory and the ‘Arab Spring’.” Journal of Democracy 24, no. 2 (2013): 15–30. doi: 10.1353/jod.2013.0032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Zeynep. “Social Movements and Governments in the Digital Age: Evaluating A Complex Landscape.” Journal of International Affairs 68, no. 1 (2014): 1–18. doi: 10.1080/10357718.2013.841121
   Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Zeynep. “Big Questions for Social Media Big Data: Representativeness, Validity and Other Methodological Pitfalls.” ICWSM’14: Proceedings of the 8th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Zeynep, and Christopher Wilson. “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations from Tahrir Square.” Journal of Communication 6, no. 2 (2013): 363–379.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, Edward. Media in Egypt and Tunisia: From Control to Transition. New York: Palgrave, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Weidmann, Nils. “Communication, Technology and Political Conflict: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Journal of Peace Research 52, no. 3 (2015): 263–268. doi: 10.1177/0022343314559081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar