Bibliography
- Agamben, Giorgio. “Stato di eccezione e stato di emergenza.” Quodlibet, 20 July 2020. Accessed 10 August 2020. https://www.quodlibet.it/giorgio-agamben-stato-di-eccezione-e-stato-di-emergenza.
- Agamben, Giorgio. State of Exception. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005.
- Bacelar Gouveia, J. Direito da Segurança. Coimbra: Almedina, 2018.
- Bermeo, Nancy. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 1 (2016): 5–19.
- Bjørnskov, Christian, and Stefan Voigt. “Why do Governments Call a State of Emergency? On the Determinants of Using Emergency Constitutions.” European Journal of Political Economy 54 (2018): 110–123.
- Böckenförde, Hans-Herrmann. “The Repressed State of Emergency.” Chap. 9 in Constitutional and Political Writings, Vol. I: 108–132. Edited by Mirjam Künkler and Tine Stein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
- Canestrini, Nicola. “Covid-19 Italian Emergency Legislation and Infection of the Rule of law.” New Journal of European Criminal Law 11, no. 2 (2020): 116–122.
- Cartabia, Marta. “Summary of the Report on the Work of the Constitutional Court in 2019.” Corte Costituzionale, 28 April 2020. Accessed November 5, 2020. https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/documenti/relazione_cartabia/2_sintesi_eng.pdf.
- Cassani, Andre, and Luca Tomini. Autocratization in Post-Cold War Political Regimes. Cham: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2019.
- Cassani, Andrea, and Luca Tomini. “Reversing Regimes and Concepts: From Democratization to Autocratization.” European Political Science 19 (2020): 272–287.
- Council of Europe. “Respecting Democracy, Rule of law and Human Rights in the Framework of the COVID-19 Sanitary Crisis.” Information Document SG/Inf(2020)11, 7 April 2020. https://rm.coe.int/sg-inf-2020-11-respecting-democracy-rule-of-law-and-human-rights-in-th/16809e1f40.
- Croissant, Auriel. “Democracies with Preexisting Conditions and the Coronavirus in the Indo-Pacific.” The Asian Forum, 6 June 2020. www.theasanforum.org/democracies-with-preexisting-conditions-and-the-coronavirus-in-the-indo-pacific/.
- DRI – Democracy Reporting International. “Phase Two of COVID-19 Responses Across the EU.” Report, 27 July 2020. https://democracy-reporting.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Rule-of-Law-Stress-Test-Continued-Layout_JJ_JP.pdf.
- DRI – Democracy Reporting International. “The Rule of Law Stress Test. EU Member States’ Response to COVID-19.” Written by Michael Meyer-Resende with contributions by Théo Fournier, May 2020. Accessed November 3, 2020. https://democracy-reporting.org/dri_publications/the-rule-of-law-stress-test-eu-member-states-responses-to-covid-19/.
- Ellena, Katherine, and Erica Shein. “Emergency Powers and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protecting Democratic Guardrails.” IFES. Accessed on November 15, 2020. https://www.ifes.org/news/emergency-powers-and-covid-19-pandemic-protecting-democratic-guardrails, 2020.
- EURACTIVE. “Italy’s Senate shields Salvini from trial over Diciotti case.” 21 March, 2019. https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/italys-senate-shields-salvini-from-trial-over-diciotti-case/.
- EURACTIVE. “Salvini risks trial (again).” 19 December 2019. https://www.euractiv.com/section/all/short_news/rome-salvini-risks-trial-again/.
- Freedom House. “Democracy under Lockdown. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Struggle for Freedom.” Written by Sarah Repucci and Amy Slipowitz. October 2020. Accessed on November 20, 2020. https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/democracy-under-lockdown.
- Friedrich, Carl J. Constitutional Government and Democracy. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Ginn, 1950.
- Friedrich, Carl J. Constitutional Government and Politics. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937.
- Greene, Alan. Permanent States of Emergency and the Rule of Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2018.
- Gross, Oren. “Chaos and Rules.” Yale Law Journal 112 (2003): 1011–1134.
- Houlberg, Michael, and Janet Drobinske. “Pandemic Positives: Extending the Reach of Courts and Legal Services.” IAALS—Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System, October 2020. https://iaals.du.edu/sites/default/files/documents/publications/pandemic_positives.pdf.
- IDEA. Global Monitor of COVID-19's impact on Democracy and Human Rights. https://www.idea.int/gsod-indices/#/indices/world-map?covid19=1. Accessed November 3, 2020.
- Kolvani, Palina, Martin Lundstedt, Seraphine F. Maerz, Anna Lührmann, Jean Lachapelle, Sandra Grahn, and Amanda B. Edgell. “Pandemic Backsliding: Democracy and Disinformation Seven Months Into the Covid-19 Pandemic.” V-Dem Institute Policy Brief 25 (2 October 2020). https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/37/de/37defb66-9457-4eeb-887a-f0c168dc4365/v-dem_policybrief-25_201002_v2.pdf.
- Laruelle, Marlene, and Mikhail Alexseev, Cynthia Buckley, Ralph S. Clem, J. Paul Goode, Ivan Gomza, Henry E. Hale, et al. “Pandemic Politics in Eurasia: Roadmap for a New Research Subfield”. Problems of Post-Communism 68, no. 1 (2021): 1–16.
- Lührmann, Anna, Amanda B. Edgell, and Seraphine F. Maerz. “Pandemic Backsliding: Does Covid-19 Put Democracy at Risk?” V-Dem Institute, Policy Brief No. 23, Woking Paper. Accessed November 3, 2020. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/52/eb/52eb913a-b1ad-4e55-9b4b-3710ff70d1bf/pb_23.pdf.
- Lührmann, Anna, and Bryan Rooney. “Autocratization by Decree: States of Emergency and Democratic Decline.” The Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute, Woking Paper Series 2020, no. 85, 2nd edition.
- Lührmann, Anna, and Staffan I. Lindberg. “A Third Wave of Autocratization is Here: What is New About It?” Democratization 26, no. 7 (2019): 1–19.
- Miranda, Jorge. “A originalidade e as principais características da Constituição portuguesa”. Cuestiones Constitucionales, no. 16 (2007): 253–280.
- Noorlander, Peter. “Covid and Free Speech.” Council of Europe, Background Paper, Ministerial Conference, Cyprus, 2020. Accessed October 20, 2020. https://rm.coe.int/covid-and-free-speech-en/1680a03f3a.
- OHCHR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. “COVID-19: States should not abuse emergency measures to suppress human rights.” 16 March 2020 https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25722&LangID=E.
- Przeworski, Adam. Crisis of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
- re:constitution. States of Emergency and the Rule of Law: a primer. April 2020. https://democracy-reporting.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Primer_SoE_FINAL_web.pdf.
- Reis Novais, Jorge. Direitos Fundamentais e Justiça Constitucional. AAFDL Editora, 2017.
- Rossiter, Clinton L. Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in Modern Democracies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948.
- Rudenstine, David. “Roman Roots for an Imperial Presidency.” Cardozo Law Review 34 (2013): 1063–1078.
- Santos, Boaventura de Sousa. A Cruel Pedagogia do Vírus. Lisboa: Almedina, 2020.
- Sartori, Giovanni. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. London: Macmillan, 1994.
- The Global State of Democracy Indices. “Global Monitor of COVID-19's impact on Democracy and Human Rights.” 2020. Accessed December 20, 2020. https://www.idea.int/gsod-indices/about-covid19.
- Tingsten, Herbert. Les pleins pouvoirs. L’expansion des pouvoirs gouvernementaux pendant et après la grande guerre. Paris: Stock, 1934.
- Vinx, Lars. ed. The Guardian of the Constitution. Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt on the limits of constitutional law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
- Waldner, David, and Ellen Lust. “Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding.” Annual Review of Political Science 21 (2018): 93–113.
Legal Sources
Italy:
- CC 195/2020. Ordinanza 195/2020. ECLI:IT:COST:2020:195, 12 August 2020.
- CC 175/2020. Ordinanza 175/2020. ECLI:IT:COST:2020:175, 26 June 2020.
- CCUS. 2020. Carcere ed emergenza Covid. Corte Costituzionale. Ufficio Stampa, Press release of 4 November 2020.
- CL1. 1989. Legge costituzionale del 16 gennaio 1989, n. 1: Modifiche degli articoli 96, 134 e 135 della Costituzione e della legge costituzionale 11 marzo 1953, n. 1, e norme in materia di procedimenti per i reati di cui all'articolo 96 della Costituzione. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 13, 17 gennaio 1989.
- DL1. 2018. Decreto legislativo 2 gennaio 2018, n. 1 (Raccolta 2018) (1) Codice della protezione civile. 18G00011. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 17 del 22.01.2018.
- DL2. 2020. Delibera del Consiglio dei Ministri, 31 gennaio 2020: Dichiarazione dello stato di emergenza in conseguenza del rischio sanitario connesso all'insorgenza di patologie derivanti da agenti virali trasmissibili. 20A00737. Gazzetta Ufficiale. Serie Generale n.26 del 01.02.2020.
- DL3. 2020. Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri, 23 febbraio 2020: Disposizioni attuative del decreto-legge 23 febbraio 2020, n. 6, recante misure urgenti in materia di contenimento e gestione dell'emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19. 20A01228. Gazzetta Ufficiale. Serie Generale n.45 del 23.02.2020.
- DL4. 2020. Decreto-Legge 23 febbraio 2020, n. 6: Misure urgenti in materia di contenimento e gestione dell’emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19. 20G00020. Gazzetta Ufficiale n.45 del 23.02.2020.
- DL5. 2020. Decreto-legge 25 marzo 2020, n. 19: Misure urgenti per fronteggiare l'emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19. 20G00035. Gazzetta Ufficiale n.79 del 25.3.2020.
- Italian Parliament, Resolution 6-00146, version 2, n. 1 of 2 November 2020.
- TAR Lazio. 2020. TAR Lazio, sez. I-quater, sentenza n. 8615/20. 22 July 2020.
Portugal:
- Act n.° 44/86, of 30 September 1986.
- Constitution of the Portuguese Republic of 1976.
- Decree n.° 14-A/2020 of 18 March 2020.
- Law 34/1987 of the Portuguese Republic, and subsequent amendments.
- Superior Administrative Court, Case No. 01958/20.9BELSB.
- Tribunal Constitucional – Case No. 403/2020 of the 1st Section (Rapporteur: Councillor José António Teles Pereira).