References
- I have used the concept of ‘civilizing processes’ here in the plural because Elias used it to refer to individuals as well as to particular societies and humanity as a whole. When used in reference with individuals, it is, of course, equivalent to the more common term ‘socialization’.
- As Elias shows, ‘civilization’ “was the third term in a sequence of three used by the secular upper classes in the West to distinguish what they regarded as desirable behaviour. The first two were ‘courtesy’ and ‘civility’.
- Elias rejected the term ‘interpersonal’, on account of what he regarded as its homo clausus connotations, above all, the fact that it implies an interaction taking place between two individuals who are socially unattached before the interaction takes place.
- See Stephen Mennell (1992), Norbert Elias: an Introduction, Blackwell, Oxford, for a discussion of de‐civilizing processes.
- As already hinted at, figurational sociologists are sensitive to the charge of ‘evolutionism not simply out of fear of being labelled racist, although that is part of it, but far more of being perceived as repeating what are widely regarded as mistakes made by 19th century sociologists.
- At an inter‐state level, of course, the state‐formation and civilizing processes have been accompanied by increasingly destructive wars.
- See also earlier discussion.
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