1,378
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

When citizens met politicians – the process and outcomes of mixed deliberation according to participant status and gender

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 638-655 | Received 17 Dec 2020, Accepted 03 Sep 2021, Published online: 20 Sep 2021

References

  • Afsahi, A. 2020. “Gender Difference in Willingness and Capacity for Deliberation.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society jxaa003: 1–27.
  • Andersen, V. N., and K. M. Hansen. 2007. “How Deliberation Makes Better Citizens: The Danish Deliberative Poll on the Euro.” European Journal of Political Research 46 (4): 531–556.
  • Bächtiger, A. 2014. Debate and Deliberation in Legislatures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bächtiger, A., and S. Beste. 2017. “Deliberative Citizens, (non) Deliberative Politicians: A Rejoinder.” Daedalus 146 (3): 106–118.
  • Bächtiger, A., M. Setälä, and K. Grönlund. 2014. “Towards a New Era of Deliberative Mini-Publics.” In Deliberative Mini-Publics: Involving Citizens in the Democratic Process, edited by K. Grönlund, A. Bächtiger, and M. Setälä, 225–246. Essex: ECPR Press.
  • Beauvais, E. 2020. “The Gender Gap in Political Discussion Group Attendance.” Politics & Gender 16 (2): 315–338.
  • Beauvais, E., and A. Bächtiger. 2016. “Taking the Goals of Deliberation Seriously: A Differentiated View on Equality and Equity in Deliberative Designs and Processes.” Journal of Public Deliberation 12 (2): 1–18.
  • Bohman, J. 2000. ““When Water Chokes”: Ideology, Communication, and Practical Rationality.” Constellations (oxford, England) 7 (3): 382–392.
  • Boulianne, S. 2019. “Building Faith in Democracy: Deliberative Events, Political Trust and Efficacy.” Political Studies 67 (1): 4–30.
  • Button, M., and K. Mattson. 1999. “Deliberative Democracy in Practice: Challenges and Prospects for Civic Deliberation.” Polity 31 (4): 609–637.
  • Caluwaerts, D. 2012. Confrontation and Communication: Deliberative Democracy in Divided Belgium. Brussels: Peter Lang.
  • Caluwaerts, D. 2013. “Is There a Gender Gap in Democratic Deliberation?” Paper Presented at the 3rd European Conference on Politics and Gender, Barcelona, March 21–23, Barcelona.
  • Curato, N., J. Sass, S. A. Ercan, and S. Niemeyer. 2020. “Deliberative Democracy in the Age of Serial Crisis.” International Political Science Review 1–12.
  • Dillard, K. N. 2011. “Assessing the Problem of Gender Inequality in Deliberative Democracy.” PhD diss. Kansas State University.
  • Elster, J. 2012. “Clearing and Strengthening the Channels of Constitution Making.” In Comparative Constitutional Design, edited by T. Ginsburg, 15–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Elstub, S., and P. McLaverty. 2014. Deliberative Democracy: Issues and Cases. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Ergenc, C. 2014. “Political Efficacy Through Deliberative Participation in Urban China: A Case Study on Public Hearings.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 19 (2): 191–213.
  • Farrar, C., J. S. Fishkin, D. P. Green, C. List, R. C. Luskin, and E. L. Paluck. 2009. “Disaggregating Deliberation’s Effects: An Experiment Within a Deliberative Poll.” British Journal of Political Science 40 (2): 333–347.
  • Farrell, D. M., J. Suiter, C. Harris, and K. Cunningham. 2020. “The Effects of Mixed Membership in a Deliberative Forum: The Irish Constitutional Convention of 2012–2014.” Political Studies 68 (1): 54–73.
  • Fishkin, J. S. 2009. “Virtual Public Consultation: Prospects for Internet Deliberative Democracy.” In: T. Davies and S.P. Gangadharan, eds. 2009. Online deliberation: Design, research, and practice. CSLI Publications. https://philpapers.org/archive/DAVODD.pdf/.
  • Fishkin, J. S., and R. C. Luskin. 2005. “Experimenting with a Democratic Ideal: Deliberative Polling and Public Opinion.” Acta Politica 40 (3): 284–298.
  • Flinders, M., K. Ghose, W. Jennings, E. Molloy, B. Prosser, A. Renwick, G. Smith, and P. Spada. 2016. Democracy Matters: Lessons from the 2015 Citizens’ Assemblies on English Devolution. Sheffield: University of Sheffield. http://citizensassembly.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Democracy-Matters-2015-Citizens-Assemblies-Report.pdf/.
  • Fournier, P., M. Turgeon, A. Blais, J. Everitt, E. Gidengil, and N. Nevitte. 2011. “Deliberation from Within: Changing One’s Mind During an Interview.” Political Psychology 32 (5): 885–919.
  • Gastil, J. 1993. “Identifying Obstacles to Small Group Democracy.” Small Group Research 24 (1): 5–27.
  • Gastil, J. 2000. “Is Face-to-Face Citizen Deliberation a Luxury or a Necessity?” Political Communication 17 (4): 357–361.
  • Gastil, J. 2008. Political Communication and Deliberation. Los Angeles: Sage publications.
  • Gastil, J. 2009. The Group in Society. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
  • Gastil, J., R. C. Richards, M. Ryan, and G. Smith. 2017. “Testing Assumptions in Deliberative Democratic Design: A Preliminary Assessment of the Efficacy of the Participedia Data Archive as an Analytic Tool.” Journal of Public Deliberation 13: 2.
  • Geissel, B., and P. Hess. 2017. “Explaining Political Efficacy in Deliberative Procedures – A Novel Methodological Approach.” Journal of Public Deliberation 13 (2): 1–25.
  • Gerber, M. 2015. “Equal Partners in Dialogue? Participation Equality in a Transnational Deliberative Poll (Europolis).” Political Studies 63: 110–130.
  • Gerber, M., A. Bächtiger, S. Shikano, S. Reber, and S. Rohr. 2018. “Deliberative Abilities and Influence in a Transnational Deliberative Poll (EuroPolis).” British Journal of Political Science 48 (4): 1093–1118.
  • Gerber, M., and S. Mueller. 2018. “When the People Speak–and Decide: Deliberation and Direct Democracy in the Citizen Assembly of Glarus, Switzerland.” Policy & Politics 46 (3): 371–390.
  • Gerber, M., H. P. Schaub, and S. Mueller. 2019. “O Sister, Where Art Thou? Theory and Evidence on Female Participation at Citizen Assemblies.” European Journal of Politics and Gender 2 (2): 173–195.
  • Graham, T. 2009. “What’s Wife Swap Got to do With it? Talking Politics in the Net-based Public Sphere.” PhD diss., Universiteit van Amsterdam.
  • Gribbons, B., and J. Herman. 1997. “True and Quasi-experimental Designs.” Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 5 (14): 1–3. http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=5&n=14/.
  • Grönlund, K., M. Setälä, and K. Herne. 2010. “Deliberation and Civic Virtue: Lessons from a Citizen Deliberation Experiment.” European Political Science Review 2 (1): 95–117.
  • Grunenfelder, R., and A. Bächtiger. 2007. Gendered Deliberation? How Men and Women Deliberate in Legislatures. Helsinki: European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions.
  • Gutmann, A., and D. Thompson. 2004. Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Habermas, J. 1998. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of law and Democracy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Han, S. H., W. Schenck-Hamlin, and D. Schenck-Hamlin. 2015. “Inclusion, Equality, and Discourse Quality in Citizen Deliberations on Broadband.” Journal of Public Deliberation 11 (1): 1–24.
  • Harris, C., D. M. Farrell, J. Suiter, and M. Brennan. 2020. “Women’s Voices in a Deliberative Assembly: An Analysis of Gender Rates of Participation in Ireland’s Convention on the Constitution 2012–2014.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, doi:1369148120951021.
  • Himmelroos, S. 2011. “Democratically speaking – Can citizen deliberation be considered fair and equal?” In ECPR Joint Sessions, Workshop Frontiers of Deliberation. 12–17. University of St. Gallen.
  • Himmelroos, S. 2017. “Discourse Quality in Deliberative Citizen Forums – A Comparison of Four Deliberative Mini-publics.” Journal of Public Deliberation 13 (1): 1–28.
  • Himmelroos, S., L. Rapeli, and K. Grönlund. 2017. “Talking with Like-minded People – Equality and Efficacy in Enclave Deliberation.” The Social Science Journal 54 (2): 148–158.
  • Jacquet, V. 2017. “Explaining Non-participation in Deliberative Mini-publics.” European Journal of Political Research 56 (3): 640–659.
  • Jaramillo, M. C., and J. Steiner. 2019. “From Discourse Quality Index to Deliberative Transformative Moments.” In Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance, edited by S. Elstub and O. Escobar, 527–539. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Jennstål, J. 2019. “Deliberation and Complexity of Thinking: Using the Integrative Complexity Scale to Assess the Deliberative Quality of Minipublics.” Swiss Political Science Review 25 (1): 64–83.
  • Jensen, J. L. 2003. “Public Spheres on the Internet: Anarchic or Government-sponsored – A Comparison.” Scandinavian Political Studies 26 (4): 349–374.
  • Johnson, G. F. 2015. Democratic Illusion: Deliberative Democracy in Canadian Public Policy. Vol. 49. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Karjalainen, M., and L. Rapeli. 2015. “Who Will Not Deliberate? Attrition in a Multi-stage Citizen Deliberation Experiment.” Quality & Quantity 49 (1): 407–422.
  • Karpowitz, C. F., and T. Mendelberg. 2014. The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation, and Institutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Karpowitz, C. F., T. Mendelberg, and L. Shaker. 2012. “Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation.” The American Political Science Review 106 (3): 533–547.
  • Kies, R. 2010. Promises and Limits of Web-deliberation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • King, M. 2009. “A Critical Assessment of Steenbergen et al.’s Discourse Quality Index.” Roundhouse: A Journal of Critical Theory and Practice 1 (1): 1–8.
  • Klinger, U., and U. Russmann. 2015. “The Sociodemographics of Political Public Deliberation: Measuring Deliberative Quality in Different User Groups.” Communications 40 (4): 471–484.
  • Knobloch, K. R., and J. Gastil. 2015. “Civic (re) Socialisation: The Educative Effects of Deliberative Participation.” Politics 35 (2): 183–200.
  • Landwehr, C. 2014. “Facilitating Deliberation: The Role of Impartial Intermediaries in Deliberative Mini-publics.” In 2014. Deliberative Mini-publics: Involving Citizens in the Democratic Process, edited by K. Grönlund, A. Bächtiger, and M. Setälä, 77–92. Colchester: ECPR Press.
  • Levine, P., A. Fung, and J. Gastil. 2005. “Future Directions for Public Deliberation.” Journal of Public Deliberation 1 (1): 1–13.
  • Levy, B. 2013. “An Empirical Exploration of Factors Related to Adolescents’ Political Efficacy.” Educational Psychology 33 (3): 357–390.
  • Levy, H. I., and S. Sakaiya. 2020. “Effect of Deliberation Style on the Gender Gap in Deliberative Participation.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 21 (3): 1–18.
  • Lupia, A., and A. Norton. 2017. “Inequality is Always in the Room: Language & Power in Deliberative Democracy.” Daedalus 146 (3): 64–76.
  • Luskin, R. C., G. Sood, J. S. Fishkin, and K. S. Hahn. 2017. Deliberative Distortions? Homogenization, Polarization, and Domination in Small Group Deliberations. Unpublished manuscript from the Center for Deliberative Democracy. Available at https://cdd.stanford.edu/mm/2017/07/luskin-deliberative-distortions.pdf.
  • Mansbridge, J. 1999. “Everyday Talk in the Deliberative System.” In Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, edited by S. Macedo, 211–239. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mendelberg, T., C. F. Karpowitz, and J. B. Oliphant. 2014. “Gender Inequality in Deliberation: Unpacking the Black Box of Interaction.” Perspectives on Politics 12 (1): 18–44.
  • Minozzi, W., M. A. Neblo, K. M. Esterling, and D. M. Lazer. 2015. “Field Experiment Evidence of Substantive, Attributional, and Behavioral Persuasion by Members of Congress in Online Town Halls.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (13): 3937–3942.
  • Moore, A. 2012. “Following from the Front: Theorizing Deliberative Facilitation.” Critical Policy Studies 6 (2): 146–162.
  • Morrell, M. E. 2005. “Deliberation, Democratic Decision-Making and Internal Political Efficacy.” Political Behavior 27 (1): 49–69.
  • Mutz, D. C. 2006. Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative Versus Participatory Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nabatchi, T. 2010. “Deliberative Democracy and Citizenship: In Search of the Efficacy Effect.” Journal of Public Deliberation 6 (2): 1–47.
  • Niemi, R. G., S. C. Craig, and F. Mattei. 1991. “Measuring Internal Political Efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study.” The American Political Science Review 85 (4): 1407–1413.
  • O’Flynn, I., G. Sood, J. Mistaffa, and N. Saeed. 2019. “What Future for Kirkuk? Evidence from a Deliberative Intervention.” Democratization 26 (7): 1299–1317.
  • Papacharissi, Z. 2004. “Democracy Online: Civility, Politeness, and the Democratic Potential of Online Political Discussion Groups.” New Media & Society 6 (2): 259–283.
  • Parkinson, J. 2006. Deliberating in the Real World: Problems of Legitimacy in Deliberative Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Pedrini, S. 2014. “Deliberative Capacity in the Political and Civic Sphere.” Swiss Political Science Review 20 (2): 263–286.
  • Polletta, F., and J. Lee. 2006. “Is Telling Stories Good for Democracy? Rhetoric in Public Deliberation After 9/11.” American Sociological Review 71 (5): 699–721.
  • Rosenberg, S. W. 2007. “Rethinking Democratic Deliberation: The Limits and Potential of Citizen Participation.” Polity 39 (3): 335–360.
  • Rosenberg, S. W. 2014. “Citizen Competence and the Psychology of Deliberation.” In Deliberative Democracy: Issues and Cases, edited by S. Elstub and P. McLaverty, 98–117. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Ryan, M. 2014. “Advancing Comparison of Democratic Innovations: A Medium-N fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Participatory Budgeting.” PhD diss. University of Southampton.
  • Setälä, M. 2017. “Connecting Deliberative Mini-publics to Representative Decision Making.” European Journal of Political Research 56 (4): 846–863.
  • Setälä, M., H. R. Christensen, M. Leino, K. Strandberg, M. Bäck, and M. Jäske. 2020. “Deliberative Mini-publics Facilitating Voter Knowledge and Judgement: Experience from a Finnish Local Referendum.” Representation: Journal of Representative Democracy 1–19.
  • Showers, E., N. Tindall, and T. Davies. 2015. “Equality of Participation Online Versus Face to Face: Condensed Analysis of the Community Forum Deliberative Methods Demonstration.” In Tambouris E. et al., eds. 2015. Electronic Participation. ePart 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9249. Springer, Cham. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22500-5_5.
  • Siu, A. 2009. Look Who's Talking: Examining Social Influence, Opinion Change, and Argument Quality in Deliberation. Stanford: Stanford University.
  • Steenberger, M., A. Bächtiger, M. Spröndli, and J. Steiner. 2003. “Measuring Political Deliberation: A Discourse Quality Index.” Comparative European Politics 1: 21–48.
  • Strandberg, K., and J. Berg. 2013. “Online Readers’ Comments – Democratic Conversation Platforms or Virtual Soapboxes?” Comunicao e Sociedade – Communication & Society 23: 132–152.
  • Strandberg, K., and J. Berg. 2015. “Stretching the Boundaries of on–Line Deliberation – An Experimental Study Evaluating the Impact of Temporality and Identifiability on Discussion Quality in On–Line Deliberations.” Javnost – The Public 22 (2): 164–180.
  • Strandberg, K., and J. Berg. 2019. “When Reality Strikes – Opinion Changes among Citizens and Politicians During a Deliberation on a Local-level Wicked Problem.” International Political Science Review 41 (4): 567–583..
  • Strandberg, K., and M. Lindell. 2020. “Citizens’ Attitudes Towards Municipal Mergers – Individual-level Explanations.” Scandinavian Political Studies 43 (4): 296–316.
  • Stromer-Galley, J. 2007. “Measuring Deliberation’s Content: A Coding Scheme.” Journal of Public Deliberation 3 (1): 1–35.
  • Suiter, J., D. M. Farrell, and E. O’Malley. 2016. “When Do Deliberative Citizens Change Their Opinions? Evidence from the Irish Citizens’ Assembly.” International Political Science Review 37 (2): 198–212.
  • Sunstein, C. R. 2002. “The Law of Group Polarization.” Journal of Political Philosophy 10 (2): 175–195.
  • Ugarriza, J. E., and E. Nussio. 2016. “There is No Pill for Deliberation: Explaining Discourse Quality in Post-conflict Communities.” Swiss Political Science Review 22 (1): 145–166.
  • Young, I. M. 2000. Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.