Debating the risks and ethics of emerging technosciences

References

• Bauer , M.W. 2002 . Controversial medical and agri-food biotechnology: a cultivation analysis . Public understanding of science , 11 ( 2 ) : 93 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC News April 14 , 2008 . “Limit” to lab egg and sperm use. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7346535.stm [Accessed 7 July 2008] .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , U. 1992 . Risk society: towards a new modernity , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Best , S. and Kellner , D. 2004 . “ Biotechnology, ethics, and the politics of cloning ” . In Biotechnology: between commerce and civil society , Edited by: Stehr , N. 53 – 88 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj , M. 2003 . Ethics in food and agriculture: views from FAO . International journal of food science and technology , 38 : 565 – 577 .
   Google Scholar
• Binkhoff , C. and Sindram , M. , 2002 . Die Stammzellendebatte: Aktuelle Optionen und Konflikte . In : K. Segbers and D. Lullies Designing human beings. Die politische Dimension der Biotechnologie . Arbeitspapiere des Osteuropa-Instituts der Freien Universität Berlin (Heft, 40) , 7 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Bogner , A. 2005 . “ Die Ethisierung von Technikkonflikten Politikberatung durch Ethikkommissionen ” . In Technikfolgenabschätzung in der österreichischen Praxis. Festschrift für Gunther Tichy , Edited by: Nentwich , M. and Peissl , W. 33 – 52 . Vienna : Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften .
   Google Scholar
• Bogner , A. and Menz , W. 2005 . The politics of knowledge and values: ethics expertise in the stem cell discourse . Teorie vedy/Theory of science. journal for theory of science, technology and communication , 14 ( 3 ) : 113 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Bogner , A. and Menz , W. 2006 . “ Wissen und Werte als Verhandlungsform. Ethikexpertise in der Regulation der Stammzellforschung ” . In Deutsche Stammzellpolitik im Zeitalter der Transnationalisierung , Edited by: Wink , R. 141 – 163 . Baden-Baden : Nomos .
   Google Scholar
• Boschert , K. and Gill , B. 2005 . Germany's agri-biotechnology policy: precaution for choice and alternatives . Science and public policy , 32 ( 4 ) : 285 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Böschen , S. 2006 . Scientific cultures of non-knowledge in the controversy over genetically modified organisms (GMO). The cases of molecular biology and ecology . GAIA , 15 ( 4 ) : 294 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Brante , T. 1993 . “ Reasons for studying scientific and science-based controversies ” . In Controversial science: from content to contention , Edited by: Brante , T. , Fuller , S. and Lynch , W. 177 – 191 . Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Braun , K. 2008 . “ Entscheidungen unter Bedingungen pluraler Nichtwissenskulturen ” . In Wissensproduktion und Wissenstransfer. Wissen im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Politik und Öffentlichkeit , Edited by: Mayntz , R. 221 – 242 . Bielefeld : transcript .
   Google Scholar
• Braun , K. et al. , submitted manuscript . The politics of proper talk: governmental ethics regimes between the technological model and reflexive government .
   Google Scholar
• Callahan , D. 1999 . The social sciences and the task of bioethics . Daedalus , 128 : 253 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Carr , S. and Levidow , L. 2000 . Exploring the links between science, risk, uncertainty, and ethics in regulatory controversies about genetically modified crops . Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics , 12 : 29 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley , C. and Turney , L. 2004 . Understanding Australians’ perceptions of controversial scientific research . Australian journal of emerging technologies and society , 2 ( 2 ) : 82 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Dahinden , U. 2006 . Framing. Eine integrative Theorie der Massenkommunikation , Konstanz : UVK .
   Google Scholar
• Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions , 1998 . Opportunities for change: consultation paper on a revised UK strategy for sustainable development .
   Google Scholar
• Dodds , S. and Thomson , C. 2006 . Bioethics and democracy: competing roles of national bioethics organisations . Bioethics , 20 ( 6 ) : 326 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durant , J. Bauer , M.W. and Gaskell , G. 1998 . Biotechnology in the public sphere: a European sourcebook . London : Science Museum .
   Google Scholar
• Einsiedel , E. 2002 . “ Brave new sheep – the clone named Dolly ” . In Biotechnology. The making of a global controversy , Edited by: Bauer , M.W. and Gaskell , G. 313 – 347 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Entman , R.M. 1993 . Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm . Journal of communication , 43 ( 4 ) : 51 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F⊘rde , O.H. 1998 . Is imposing risk awareness cultural imperialism? . Social science and medicine , 47 ( 9 ) : 1155 – 1159 .
   Google Scholar
• Funtowicz , S.O. and Ravetz , J.R. 1993 . Science for the post-normal age . Futures , 25 ( 7 ) : 739 – 755 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaidzik , P. W. 2005 . Ethik-Komitees: Rechtliche Aspekte . Erwägen Wissen Ethik , 16 ( 1 ) : 26 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaskell , G. and Allum , N. 2001 . Sound science, problematic publics? Contrasting representations of risk and uncertainty . Politeia , 17 ( 63 ) : 13 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin , T. 1980 . The whole world is watching: mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gottweis , H. 2004 . “ Human embryonic stem cells, cloning and the transformation of biopolitics ” . In Biotechnology: between commerce and civil society , Edited by: Stehr , N. 239 – 265 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Grove-White , R. 2001 . New wine, old bottles? Personal reflections on the new biotechnology commissions . The political quarterly , 72 ( 4 ) : 466 – 472 .
   Google Scholar
• Gutteling , J.M. 2002 . “ Media coverage 1973–1996: trends and dynamics ” . In Biotechnology – the making of a global controversy , Edited by: Bauer , M.W. and Gaskell , G. 95 – 128 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hedgecoe , A. 2006 . Research ethics committees in Europe: implementing the directive, respecting diversity . Journal of medical ethics , 32 : 483 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornig Priest , S. 2006 . The public opinion climate for gene technologies in Canada and the United States: competing voices, contrasting frames . Public understanding of science , 15 ( 1 ) : 55 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Hornig Priest , S. , Bonfadelli , H. and Rusanen , M. 2003 . The “trust gap” hypothesis: Predicting support for biotechnology across national cultures as a function of trust in actors . Risk analysis , 23 ( 4 ) : 751 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Hornig Priest , S. and Ten Eyck , T. 2004 . “ Peril or promise: new media framing of the biotechnology debate in Europe and the US ” . In Biotechnology: between commerce and civil society , Edited by: Stehr , N. 175 – 186 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Irwin , A. 2006 . The politics of talk: coming to terms with the “new” scientific governance . Social studies of science , 36 ( 2 ) : 299 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasanoff , S. 2005 . Designs on nature. Science and democracy in Europe and the United States , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , K.E. 2004 . “ BSE and the Philipps report: a cautionary tale about the uptake of “risk” . In The governance of knowledge , Edited by: Stehr , N. 161 – 186 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , S.E. 2003 . Public bioethics and publics: consensus, boundaries, and participation in biomedical science policy . Science technology human values , 28 ( 3 ) : 339 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettner , M. and May , A. 2002 . Ethik-Komitees in Kliniken – Bestandsaufnahmeund Zukunftsperspektiven . Ethik in der Medizin , 14 : 295 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• Klintman , M. 2002 . The genetically modified (GM) food labelling controversy: ideological and epistemic crossovers . Social studies of science , 32 ( 1 ) : 71 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohring , M. and Matthes , J. 2002 . The face(t)s of biotech in the nineties: how the German press framed modern biotechnology . Public understanding of science , 11 ( 2 ) : 143 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotzian , P. 2007 . Arguing and bargaining in international negotiations: on the application of the frame-selection model and its implications . International political science review , 28 ( 1 ) : 79 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey , H. 2005 . Values and objectivity in science. The current controversy about transgenic crops , Lanham, MD : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Lassen , J. 2002 . “ Testing times – the reception of Roundup Ready soya in Europe ” . In Biotechnology. The making of a global controversy , Edited by: Bauer , M.W. and Gaskell , G. 279 – 312 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lenk , C. 2004 . Non-therapeutic research with minors: how do chairpersons of German research ethics committees decide? . Journal of medical ethics , 30 : 85 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levidow , L. 2007 . European public participation as risk governance: enhancing democratic accountability for agbiotech policy? . East Asian science, technology and society: an international journal , 1 : 19 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Liakopoulos , M. 2002 . Pandora's Box or panacea? Using metaphors to create the public representations of biotechnology . Public understanding of science , 11 : 5 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey , N. 2001 . Changing frames: the emergence of ethics in European policy on biotechnology . Politeia , 17 ( 63 ) : 80 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Marks , L. A. 2007 . Mass media framing of biotechnology news . Public understanding of science , 16 ( 2 ) : 183 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marris , C. 2001 . Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths . EMBO reports , 2 ( 7 ) : 545 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , D. 2004 . Ethics, economics and the exotic: the early career of the HFEA . Health care analysis , 12 ( 1 ) : 7 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nida-Rümelin , J. 2004 . “ Der ethische Diskurs in der modernen Medizin ” . In Stammzellen im Diskurs , Edited by: Tannert , Ch. and Wiedemann , P. 23 – 33 . Munich : oekom .
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet , M.C. and Lewenstein , B. V. 2002 . Biotechnology and the American media. The policy process and the elite press, 1970 to 1999 . Science communication , 23 ( 4 ) : 359 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordmann , A. 2006 . Collapse of distance: epistemic strategies of science and technoscience . Danish yearbook of philosophy , 41 : 7 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Nuffield Council on Bioethics , 1999 . Genetically modified crops: the ethical and social issues . London : Nuffield Council on Bioethics .
   Google Scholar
• Nuffield Council on Bioethics , 2000 . Stem cell therapy: the ethical issues . London : Nuffield Council on Bioethics .
   Google Scholar
• Nuffield Council on Bioethics , 2004 . The use of genetically modified crops in developing countries . A follow up discussion paper . London : Nuffield Council on Bioethics .
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill , O. 2003 . Stem cells: ethics, legislation and regulation . Comptes rendus biologies , 326 : 673 – 676 .
   Google Scholar
• Oreszczyn , S. 2005 . GM crops in the United Kingdom: precaution as process . Science and public policy , 32 ( 4 ) : 317 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Pestre , D. 2008 . Challenges for the democratic management of technoscience: governance, participation and the political today . Science as culture , 17 ( 2 ) : 101 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Renn , O. 2008 . Risk governance. Coping with uncertainty in a complex world , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Rittner , C. 2007 . Aufgaben der öffentlich-rechtlichen Ethikkommissionen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland . Rechtsmedizin , 17 : 225 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Salter , B. and Jones , M. 2002 . Human genetic technologies, European governance and the politics of bioethics . Nature reviews genetics , 3 : 808 – 814 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter , B. and Jones , M. 2006 . Change in the policy community of human genetics: a pragmatic approach to open governance . Policy and politics , 34 ( 2 ) : 347 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter , B. and Salter , Ch. 2007 . Bioethics and the global moral market. The cultural politics of human embryonic stem cell science . Science, technology, human values , 32 ( 5 ) : 554 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saretzki , T. 1996 . “ Wie unterscheiden sich Argumentieren und Verhandeln? ” . In Verhandeln und Argumentieren , Edited by: von Prittwitz , V. 19 – 39 . Opladen : Leske + Budrich .
   Google Scholar
• Schummer , J. 2006 . Cultural diversity in nanotechnology ethics . Interdisciplinary science reviews , 31 ( 3 ) : 217 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skolbekken , J.-A. 1995 . The risk epidemic in medical journals . Social science and medicine , 40 ( 3 ) : 291 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slowther , A. et al. , 2001 . Clinical ethics support in the UK: an investigation of the current provision of ethics support to health professionals in the UK . Journal of medical ethics , 27 ( suppl I ), i2 – i8 .
   Google Scholar
• Stehr , N. 2004 . The governance of knowledge . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Ten Eyck , T. 2005 . The media and public opinion on genetics and biotechnology: mirrors, windows, or walls? . Public understanding of science , 14 : 305 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toynbee , P. , 2008 . Religion doesn't rule in this clash of moral universes . The Guardian , 25 March, Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/mar/25/ethicsofscience.medicalresearch [Accessed 7 July 2008] .
   Google Scholar
• Wehling , P. 2006 . Im Schatten des Wissens? Perspektiven der Soziologie des Nichtwissens , Konstanz : UVK .
   Google Scholar
• Wynne , B. 1992 . Misunderstood misunderstanding: social identities and public uptake of science . Public understanding of science , 1 ( 3 ) : 281 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Wynne , B. 2001 . Creating public alienation: expert cultures of risk and ethics on GMOs . Science as culture , 10 ( 4 ) : 445 – 481 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zinn , J.O. 2008 . “ A comparison of sociological theorizing on risk and uncertainty ” . In Social theories of risk and uncertainty , Edited by: Zinn , J.O. 168 – 210 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar