The short parliament 1989–91: Political elites, societal cleavages and the weakness of party politics

Notes

• Lipset , Seymour Martin and Rokkan , Stein . 1967 . “ ‘Cleavage Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments’ ” . In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross‐National Perspectives , Edited by: Lipsett , Seymour Martin and Rokkan , Stein . New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Duverger , Maurice . 1954 . Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Mair , Peter , ed. 1990 . The West European Party System , 105 99 Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Urban , Michael E. 1991 . “ ‘Party Formation and Deformation on Russia's Democratic Left’ ” . In Perestroika‐era Politics: The New Legislature and Gorbachev's Political Reforms , Edited by: Huber , Robert T. and Kelley , Donald R. 129 – 50 . 133 Armonk, NY : Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Melchionda , Enrico . 1992 . “ ‘Il cammino della rappresentanza’ ” . In Vecchi quadri e nuovi politici , Edited by: Leo , Rita di . Bologna : Mulino .
   Google Scholar
• White , Stephen . 1990 . ‘Democratization in the USSR’ . Soviet Studies , 42 ( 1 )
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Gorbachev in Power , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . Gorbachev and After, , 3rd ed. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sartori , Giovanni . 1968 . “ ‘The Sociology of Parties: A Critical Review’ ” . In Party Systems, Party Organizations and the Politics of New Masses , Edited by: Stammer , Otto . 180 Berlin : Free University at Berlin .
   Google Scholar
• Urban , Michael E. 1990 . More Power to the Soviets: The Democratic Revolution in the USSR , Aldershot : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , Jeffrey W. 1992 . “ ‘State Institutions in Transition’ ” . In Developments in Soviet and Post‐Soviet Politics, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: White , Stephen , Pravda , Alex and Gitelman , Zvi . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Vasil'ev , V. 1987 . ‘Sovety i razvitie demokratii’ . Pravda , 8 May : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Pravda , 10 March : 1 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• White , Stephen . 1988 . ‘Reforming the Electoral System’ . Journal of Communist Studies , 4 ( 4 )
   Google Scholar
• Liebert , Ulrike . 1990 . “ ‘Parliament as a Central Site in Democratic Consolidation: A Preliminary Exploration’ ” . In Parliament and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe , Edited by: Liebert , Ulrike and Cotta , Maurizio . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Soviet political scientist Fedor Burlatskii . 1989 . Moskovskaya pravda , 23 Sept. : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Pravda , 27 April : 1 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . ‘La resistibile ascesa della rappresentanza politica in USRR’ . Rivista italiana di scienza politica , XXII ( 1 )
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . ‘The Soviet Representative System at the Crossroads: Towards Political Representation?’ . Journal of Communist Studies , 7 ( 2 )
   Google Scholar
• Nazimova , Alla and Sheinis , Viktor . 1989 . ‘Vybor sdelan’ . Izvestiya , 6 May : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Pravda , 27 April : 1 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Levikov , Aleksandr . 1989 . ‘Are Leningraders any Worse?’ . Moscow News , 13–20 Aug. : 10
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Pravda , 27 April
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Izvestiya , 28 May : 2
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Pravda , 4 Feb. : 3
   Google Scholar
• Teague , Elizabeth and Tolz , Vera . 1990 . ‘Moves to Create a Russian Communist Party’ . Radio Liberty Report on the USSR , 2 ( 19 ) : 1 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . ‘The Politics of Successful Economic Reform’ . Soviet Economy , 5 ( 1 ) : 20
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Izvestiya , 14 Dec. : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Pravda , 17 Dec. : 10
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Pravda , 17 Dec. : 3 5
   Google Scholar
• Barabashev , Georgii V. 1987 . ‘Izbiratel'naya kampaniya: tseli i sredstva’ . Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo , : 8
   Google Scholar
• Vasil'ev , V. 1989 . ‘Sovety i razvitie demokratii’ . Pravda , 8 May : 3
   Google Scholar
• Shkaratan , O. , Kudyukin , P. and Permyakov , Yu. 1989 . ‘Za demokratiyu ili protiv nee?’ . Izvestiya , 25 Oct. : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Izvestiya , 28 May : 2 3
   Google Scholar
• Gol'danskii , deputy V. 1989 . ‘Opyat’ “klassovyi podkhod” ...’ . Novoe vremya , 26 May : 9
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . ‘to sell freely on the market everything they produce over and above the state order’ . Pravda , 15 Dec. : 2
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Izvestiya , 16 Dec. : 9
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Izvestiya , 16 March : 7
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Sovetskaya Rossiya , 17 May : 4
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Izvestiya , 22 and 27 March
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Izvestiya , 28 March
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Izvestiya , 28 March
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Pravda , 26 April
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Izvestiya , 25 May : 3
   Google Scholar