The use of past events as political symbols in Spain. The example of Vox and the need for a new archaeology of ethnicity

References

• Abascal Conde, S. 2015. Hay un camino a la derecha. Una conversación con Kiko Méndez-Monasterio. Barcelona: Stella Maris.
   Google Scholar
• Almansa Sánchez, J. 2010. “Pre-editorial.” AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 1: 1–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.23914/ap.v1i1.2.g4.
   Google Scholar
• Almansa Sánchez, J. 2016. “Power, Politics, Laws and the Management of Archaeological Heritage. An Experience from Madrid.” Archäologische Informationen 40: 59–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.11588/ai.2017.1.42463.
   Google Scholar
• Almansa Sánchez, J. 2017. “Arqueología y Sociedad: Interacción y Acción desde la Teoría Crítica.” Thesis (PhD). Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
   Google Scholar
• Álvarez Junco, J. 2003. “Historia e identidades colectivas.” In Usos públicos de la historia, edited by J. J. Carreras Ares and C. Forcadell Álvarez, 47–67. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, B. 1991. Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Appiah, K. A. 2007. The Ethics of Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Applebaum, A. 2019. “Spain’s Far-right Vox Party Shot from Social Media into Parliament Overnight. How?” Washington Post, May 2. Accessed 20 April 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/opinions/spains-far-right-vox-party-shot-from-social-media-into-parliament-overnight-how/
   Google Scholar
• Arouet, F.-M., [Voltaire]. 1765. “Histoire.” In Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, par una Societé des Gens de Lettres, vol. VIII, edited by D. Didedort and J. le Rond d’Alember, 220–225. Paris: Briasson, David, Le Breton et Duran.
   Google Scholar
• Ayala Martínez, C. D. 2017. “La Reconquista: ¿ficción o realidad historiográfica?” In La Edad Media peninsular. Aproximaciones y problemas, edited by Á. Gordo Molina and D. Melo Carrasco, 127–142. Gijón: Ediciones Trea.
   Google Scholar
• Barrio, A. 2019. Vox, la fin de l'exception espagnole. Paris: Fondation pour l’innovation politique.
   Google Scholar
• Barth, E. 1969. “Introduction.” In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, edited by E. Barth, 1–38. Boston (MA): Little, Brown and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Billig, M. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bonacchi, C., M. Altaweel, and M. Krzyzanska. 2018. “The Heritage of Brexit: Roles of the past in the Construction of Political Identities through Social Media.” Journal of Social Archaeology 18 (2): 174–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1469605318759713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, C. P. 1997. Historia Patria. Politics, History and Identity in Spain: 1875-1975. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, S., and P. N. Howard, 2017. “Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation.” Working paper no. 2017.12. Oxford: University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Brophy, K. 2018. “The Brexit Hypothesis and Prehistory.” Antiquity 92 (366): 1650–1658[−1670]. doi:https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.160.
   Google Scholar
• Calderwood, E. 2014. “The Invention of al-Andalus: Discovering the past and Creating the Present in Granada’s Islamic Tourism Sites.” The Journal of North African Studies 19 (1): 27–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2013.862777.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. 1997. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. II: The Power of Identity. London: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Colomer, L. 2019. “Stones, Books and Flags: Born and Archaeological Heritage Management under the Barcelona Model.” European Journal of Archaeology 22 (1): 111–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunliffe, B. 2010. Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics and Literature. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
   Google Scholar
• De Cleen, B. 2017. “Populism and Nationalism.” In Oxford Handbook of Populism, edited by C. Rovira Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. Ochoa Espejo, and P. Ostiguy, 342–362. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.18.
   Google Scholar
• Díaz Andreu, M. 1995. “Archaeology and Nationalism in Spain.” In Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology, edited by P. L. Kohl and C. Fawcett, 39–56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Díaz Arriaza, J. 2016. Ni localizados ni olvidados. Las Fosas del Cementerio San Fernando de Sevilla, 1936-1958. Sevilla: Aconcagua.
   Google Scholar
• Emberling, G. 1997. “Ethnicity in Complex Societies: Archaeological Perspectives.” Journal of Archaeological Research 5 (4): 295–344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02229256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, C. 2019. “Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología.” Revista Española de Ciencia Política 51: 73–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.51.03.
   Google Scholar
• Fontal Merillas, O. 2003. La educación patrimonial. Teoría y práctica en el aula, el museo e internet. Gijón: Ediciones Trea S.L.
   Google Scholar
• Gandesha, S. 2018. “Understanding Right and Left Populism.” In Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism, edited by J. Morelock, 49–70. London: University of Westminster Press.
   Google Scholar
• García Herrero, F. 2019. “La nueva política como anunciantes en la Derecha Española: VOX y las elecciones de 2018 y 2019.” Redmarka. Revista de Marketing Aplicado 23 (3): 65–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.17979/redma.2019.23.3.5867.
   Google Scholar
• García Sanjuán, A. 2016. “Rejecting al-Andalus, Exalting the Reconquista: Historical Memory in Contemporary Spain.” Journal of Iberian Medieval Studies 10 (1): 127–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17546559.2016.1268263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellner, E. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, I. 2010. La fosa de Lorca: crónica de un despropósito. Jaén: Alcalá Grupo Editorial.
   Google Scholar
• Gnecco, C. 2012. “Arqueología Multicultural. Notas Intempestivas.” Complutum 23 (2): 93–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_CMPL.2012.v23.n2.40877.
   Google Scholar
• González-Ruibal, A., P. Alonso González, and F. Criado-Boado. 2018. “Against Reactionary Populism: Towards a New Public Archaeology.” Antiquity 92 (362): 507–515. doi:https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, A., and H. Karlsson. 2011. “A Spectre Is Haunting Swedish Archaeology – The Spectre of Politics.” Current Swedish Archaeology 19: 11–36.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. 1984. Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. 2. Boston: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hallin, D. C., and P. Mancini. 2004. Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hernández Conde, M., and M. Fernández García. 2019. “Partidos emergentes de la ultraderecha: ¿fake news, fake outsiders? Vox y la web Caso Aislado en las elecciones andaluzas de 2018.” Teknokultura. Revista de Cultura Digital y Movimientos Sociales 16 (1): 33–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.5209/TEKN.63113.
   Google Scholar
• Hernando, A. 2017. The Fantasy of Individuality. On the Sociohistorical Construction of the Modern Subject. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hochadel, O. 2013. El mito de Atapuerca. Orígenes, ciencia, divulgación. Barcelona: Edicions UAB.
   Google Scholar
• Hodder, I. 2008. “Multivocality and Social Archaeology.” In Evaluating Multiple Narratives. Beyond Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist Archaeologies, edited by J. Habu, C. Fawcett, and J. M. Matsunaga, 196–200. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Insoll, T., ed. 2007. The Archaeology of Identities. A Reader. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S. 1997. The Archaeology of Ethnicity. Constructing Identities in the past and Present. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Labanyi, J. 2008. “The Politics of Memory in Contemporary Spain.” Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 9 (2): 119–125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14636200802283621.
   Google Scholar
• Laclau, E. 2005. On Populism Reason. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Lipovetsky, G. 1994. El crepúsculo del deber. La ética indolora de los nuevos tiempos democráticos. Barcelona: Anagrama.
   Google Scholar
• López Facal, R. 2003. “La enseñanza de la historia, más allá del nacionalismo.” In Usos públicos de la historia, edited by J. J. Carreras Ares and C. Forcadell Álvarez, 223–256. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
   Google Scholar
• Mardones, J. M. 1990. “El neo-conservadurismo de los posmodernos.” En torno a la posmodernidad. edited by the authors. 21–40. Barcelona:Anthropos.
   Google Scholar
• Marín Suárez, C., D. González Álvarez, and P. Alonso González. 2012. “Building Nations in the XXI Century. Celticism, Nationalism and Archaeology in Northern Spain: The Case of Asturias and León.” Archaeological Review from Cambridge 27 (2): 11–31.
   Google Scholar
• Marín-Aguilera, B. 2018. “The Semantics of Material Culture: Andalusia Moored and Unmoored.” Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada 28: 93–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v28i0.8476.
   Google Scholar
• Mayordomo Zapata, C., S. Moreno Moreno, J. M. Rojo Martínez, L. Ruiz Oltra, and A. Soler Contreras. 2019. “La vuelta a España en tres elecciones: análisis, claves y estrategias.” Más poder local 38: 17–21.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, S. 2013. Memorylands. Heritage and Identity in Europe Today. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Meskell, L. 2001. “Archaeologies of Identity.” In Archaeological Theory Today, edited by I. Hodder, 187–214. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moscati, S. 1991. I Celti. coord. Milano: Grupo Editoriale Fabbri Bompani.
   Google Scholar
• Moya Sánchez, M., and S. Herrera Damas. 2015. “Cómo puede contribuir Twitter a una comunicación política más avanzada.” Arbor. Ciencia, Pensamiento Y Cultura 191 (774): a257. doi:https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2015.774n4012.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. 2019. The Far Right Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., and C. Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017. Populism. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nora, P. “Entre Mémoire et Histoire.” In Les lieux de mémoire. vol 1. Le République, Paris: Gallimard. 1984. directed by P- Nora, XV–XLII.
   Google Scholar
• Núñez Seixas, X. M. 2001. “The Region as Essence of the Fatherland: Regionalist Variants of Spanish Nationalism (1840–1936).” European History Quarterly 31 (4): 483–518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/026569140103100401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Núñez Seixas, X. M. 2018. “Nación y nacionalismos en España, siglos XIX y XX.” In Nueva historia de la España contemporánea (1808-2018), edited by J. Álvarez Junco and A. Shubert, 267–297. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
   Google Scholar
• Peiró Martín, I. 2006. Los guardianes de la Historia. La historiografía académica de la Restauración. Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católi.
   Google Scholar
• Pelaz López, J. V. 2001. El Estado de las Autonomías. Regionalismo y Nacionalismos en la Historia Contemporánea de España. Madrid: Actas.
   Google Scholar
• Prignano, L., E. Cozzo, and A. Calleja López. 2019. Espejismos en la red. Análisis de la campaña #SiguemeYTeSigoVox. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• Reinsborough, P., and D. Canning. 2010. Re:ImaginingChange-How to Use Story-based Strategy to Win Campaigns, Build Movements, and Change the World. Oakland: PM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Renan, E. 1996 [1882]. “What Is a Nation?” In Becoming National: A Reader, edited by E. Geoff and R. G. Suny, 41–55. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ríos Saloma, M. 2011. La Reconquista: una construcción historiográfica (siglos XVI-XIX). Madrid: Marcial Pons.
   Google Scholar
• Rizvi, F., and B. Lingard. 2010. Globalizing Education Policy. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Barreira, O. 2018. “La dictadura franquista: 1939-1975.” In Nueva historia de la España contemporánea (1808-2018), edited by J. Álvarez Junco and A. Shubert, 183–209. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Temiño, I. 2004. Arqueología urbana en España. Barcelona: Ariel.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Temiño, I. 2011. “Sobre el patrimonio cultural, el etnológico inmaterial y su valor identitario.” Patrimonio Cultural y Derecho 11: 11–49
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Temiño, I. 2017. “Review-Article: Postmodern Archaeology with a Dash of Magic Realism.” AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 7: 101–134.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz Torres, P. 1999. “Revolución, Estado y Nación en la España del siglo XIX: Historia de un problema.” Ayer 39: 15–44.
   Google Scholar
• Rydgren, J. 2007. “The Sociology of the Radical Right.” Annual Review of Sociology 33 (1): 241–262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmela, M., and C. von Scheve. 2017. “Emotional Roots of Right-wing Political Populism.” Social Science Information 56 (4): 567–595. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018417734419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez Dragó, F. 2019. Santiago Abascal. La España vertebrada. Barcelona: Planeta.
   Google Scholar
• Santana, A., and J. Rama Caamaño 2019. “El perfil del votante de Vox.” Agenda pública de 4 de diciembre. Accessed 26 June 2020. http://agendapublica.elpais.com/el-perfil-del-votante-de-vox/
   Google Scholar
• Smith, L. 2006. Uses of Heritage. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tarlow, S., and L. Nilsson Stutz. 2013. “Can an Archaeologist Be a Public Intellectual?” Archaeological Dialogues 13 (1): 1–5[−79]. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203813000032.
   Google Scholar
• Traverso, E. 2014. ¿qué Fue De Los Intelectuales? Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
   Google Scholar
• Vox, 2014. “Manifiesto fundacional.” Accessed 28 June 2020. https://www.voxespana.es/biblioteca/espana/nosotros/gal_a45b90181103095110.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vox, 2019. “Programa electoral.” Accessed 28 June 2020. https://www.voxespana.es/espana/programa-electoral-vox
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B. A., and M. X. Delli Carpini. 2011. After Broadcast News: Media Regimes, Democracy, and the New Information Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woolf, G. 1998. Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar