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Original Articles

Higher Education and Sociopolitical Transformation in Jordan

Pages 137-164 | Published online: 28 Jun 2010

References

  • Auge , Jean-Christophe . June 1997 . “ 'Higher Education System and Students in Jordan: A Research Agenda,' ” . In Jordanies , Vol. 3 , June , 127 Amman : CERMOC .
  • Aruri , Naser H. and Farsoun , Samih . 1980 . “ 'Palestinian Communities and Arab Host Countries,' ” . In The Sociology of the Palestinians , Edited by: Nakhleh , Khalil and Zureik , Elia . 118 – 119 . London : Croom Helm .
  • al-Maï , Munïb and Mousa , Suleiman . 1959 . Ta'rtkh al-Urdun fl al-Qarn al-'Ishrin 1900-1959 (History of Jordan in the 20th Century) , 212 Amman : al-Muasib .
  • addad , Muhana Yusuf . 1993 . Tama'sus al-Nizam wa-Tashkil al-Mujtam'a fl al-Urdun, Bayna al-WOqi' wa'l-Ittijahat (The Institutionalization of the Regime and the Formation of the Society in Jordan: Between Reality and Orientations) , 41 Amman : Maba'at al-Quwat al-Musallaha .
  • Gubser , Peter . 1988 . “ 'Jordan: Balancing Pluralism and Authoritarianism,' ” . In Ideology and Power in the Middle East , Edited by: Chelkowski , P. S. and Pranger , R. J. 94 London : Duke University Press .
  • Roberts , M. 1991 . 'Prospects for Democracy in Jordan' . Arab Studies Quarterly , 13 Summer/Fall : 3 – 4 . 127
  • Wahlin , Lars . 1987 . “ 'Diffusion and Acceptance of Modern Schooling in Rural Jordan' ” . In The Middle Eastern Village: Changing Economic and Social Relations , 63 New York : Croom Helm .
  • Gubser , Peter . 1993 . 'Jordan and Hussein,' . Middle East Policy , 2 ( 2 ) : 112
  • Jureidini , Paul A. and McLauren , R D. 1984 . Jordan: The Impact of Social Change on the Role of the Tribes , 61 – 65 . Washington DC : The Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, Praeger . On the Palestinians in the Army, see
  • Brand , Laune A. 1995 . 'Palestinians and Jordanians: A Crisis of Identity' . Journal of Palestine Studies , 24 : 53
  • Odeh , Adnan Abu . 1999 . Jordanians, Palestinians & the Hashemite Kingdom in the Middle East Peace Process , 215 Washington DC : Hie United States Institute of Peace Press .
  • Hamarneh , Mustafa , Hollis , Rosemary and Shikaki , Khalil . 1997 . Jordanian-Palestinian Relations: Where to? Four Scenarios for the Future , 8 London : Royal Institute of International Affairs . Another example:
  • Brand . Palestinians and Jordanians , 53
  • Roy , Delwin A. and Irelan , William T. 1992 . 'Educational Policy and Human Resource Development in Jordan,' . Middle Eastern Studies , 28 ( 1 ) January : 184 Higher Education Law No. 28 of 1985 set forth the Ministry of Higher Education's main areas of responsibility (pp. 198-199)
  • Jureidini , Paul and McLaurin , R. D. 1984 . Jordan: The Impact of Social Change on the Role of the Tribes , Washington Papers No. 108 46 – 57 . Washington DC : Praeger . See, as an example
  • Gubser . Jordan: Balancing Pluralism , 89 – 114 .
  • Brand , Laune A. 1988 . Palestinians in the Arab World: Institution Building and the Search for State , 219 New York : Columbia University Press . 'The appointment of professors is also contingent upon receiving clearance from internal security, and dismissal is also used as a political weapon against faculty'.
  • 1997 . The National Charter and Democratic Transformation in Jordan , 197 Amman : al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center and Sindbad Publishing House .
  • 1995 . Istila' al-Ra'y hawIa al-'Alaqat al-Urduniyya al-Filasniyya , February However educational level was one of the ten parameters in the question about disparities hampering national unity (22-35% of the interviewees regarded it as an impediment)
  • Gilbar , Gad G. May 1993 . The Development of Higher Education in Seven Arab Countries, 1965-1988 [in Hebrew] , May , 12 Haifa : The Techmon-Shmue l Neeman Institute .
  • Pappé , Ilan . 1994 . “ 'Jordan between Hashemite and Palestinian Identity,' ” . In Jordan in the Middle East: The Making of a Pivotal State , Edited by: Nevo , Joseph and Pappé , Ilan . 86 London : Frank Cass .
  • Zaghal , AIi S. 1984 . 'Social Change in Jordan,' . Middle Eastern Studies , 20 ( 4 ) : 62
  • Bader , Majed . 1994 . L 'enseignement superieur en Jordanie, entre secteur public et secteur prive , 99 Amman : Les Cahiers du CERMOC-Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Moyen-Orient Contemporain . [in Arabie with a summary in French]
  • Hanssen-Baur , Jon , Pedersen , Jon and Tiltnes , Age A. , eds. 1998 . Jordanian Society: Living Conditions in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , 156 Oslo : Fafo . In 1996, for example, 25 candidates competed for each government position. Among the 5,491 who received positions, only 2% were high-school graduates. Some 27% had completed junior colleges, 67% had obtained a bachelor's degree and 4% had completed higher degrees. My thanks to Y. S. who obtained the data for me from the Commission of the Jordanian Civil Service. According to the Fafo survey, 90% of parents expected their children to acquire a higher education; seem, On the absorption of graduates by the civil service, see Wahlin, pp. 165-166. 20 The Fafo survey (ibid, p. 157) indicates that 50% of the academics in Jordan graduated abroad (30% in Arab states, 13% in Europe and America, and 5% in Asia). It may be that changes in United States visa requirements, and a decrease in funding by foundations such as Fulbright and AMIDEAST, made it harder for Jordanian students to study abroad. The outcome could be preference for those (non-Palestinians) funded by the government.
  • Erlikh , Hagai . 1981 . “ 'The Universities in the States of the Arab World' [in Hebrew] ” . In Skirot , 33 Tel Aviv : Tel Aviv University, Shiloach Institute .
  • 1990 . Students and University in 20th Century Egyptian Politics , London : Frank Cass . For his study on students in Egypt, see
  • at-Yarmuk , Jami'at . 1994 . Da'irat al-'Alaqat al-'Amma, Taqdtma wa-Ta'rtf , Overview on Yarmouk University . Yarmouk University, for example, states in its Bulletin that the university strives to prevent students from studying abroad. See
  • Sarayrah , Yasin and Cunningham , Robert . 1996 . 'Administrative Reform in Jordanian Education,' . Journal of Developing Societies , 12 ( 2 ) December : 206 Al-Sha'b, 10 July 1980. See also Zaghal, p. 65
  • Jaradat , Mohammad . June 1994 . Higher Education in Jordan and Its Relationship with Social Mobility as Perceived by Faculty Staff at Jordanian State Universities, [in Arabic] , June , 37 – 40 . The Jordanian University . MA thesis, supervised by Dr Suleiman Aubiedat
  • al-Tal , Shadiya , ed. 2000 . al Ta 'ltm al-'Alt fl al-Urdun bayna al-WOqi' wa 'l-umah (Higher Education in Jordan between Reality and Aspirations) , 389 Zarqa : Zarqa Private University .
  • In 1987/88 the Jordanian University accepted 2,911 students whereas there were places for only 2,500 according to university President 'Abd al-Salam al-Majali; al-Ra'y, 27 October 1987. The number of students who were accepted at Yarmouk University in 1988/89 was also higher than its absorption capacity, according to its President Karail al-'Ajluni al-Ra'y, 13 October 1988. The Jordanian University increased its number of students in 2001/02 by opening evening studies, which 1,500 students attended al-Ra'y, 16 September 2001, p. 10
  • Ibid., p. 272. The supervision was reflected in granting fewer authorizations to establish new universities, in requiring the universities to invest in infrastructure (libraries, laboratories, etc.) and in legislation stipulating that the administration of each institution had to include two representatives of the Council of Higher Education and five senior professors (a category that exists only in the state universities)
  • Ibid., p. 70.
  • Ibid.
  • Brand . Palestinians and Jordanians , 219 Interview with Dr Yusuf Kamil Rumah¯1, a Palestinian physician, 9 July 1997 ; interview with Dr Fahd Al-Fanek, 8 August 1997. (According to him, someTransjordanians also complain of discrimination on comparable political grounds.) On the filtering out of lecturers by the security forces, see, Abu Odeh, p. 215
  • al-Hashimiyya , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya . November 1985 . Al-Ta'ltm al-'Alt fl 'Ahd al-usayn (Higher Education in Hussein's Period) November , 127 Amman
  • York , Valerie . 1988 . 'Jordan is not Palestine: The Demographic Factor,' . Middle East International , 328 16 April : 16 – 17 . On the ethnic issue and statistics in Jordan, see; Abu-Odeh, p. 255
  • al-Raman , As'ad 'Abd and Hourani , Hani . May 1996 . Marail Taawwur al-'Alaqat al- Urduniyya al-Filas¯1niyya (Stages in the Development of Jordanian Palestinian Relations) , May , 29 Nablus : Center of Palestinian Studies .
  • al-Hashimiyya , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniya . 1996 . Watha'iq Urduniyya, Hukumat Dawlat al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim al-Kabarttt, al-Takltfwa' l-Thiqa (Jordanian Documents: Kabariti 's Government, Authorization and Confidence) 192 Amman
  • al-'Aar , Ibrahim . Al-Mawsu 'a al-Hashimiyyafi al-Qarn al-'Ishrin (The Heshemite Encyclopedia in the 2Oth Century) vol. 4 , 1551
  • Dayeh , Sa'd Abu . 2000 . Al-Urduniyyun wa' l-Filas¯1niyyun (al-Radd 'ala Kitab Abu 'Awda al-Unhmiyyun wa 'l-Filastniyyun) 49 Amman
  • Brand , Laune A. Palestinians in the Arab World 212 – 220 . For an overview of student activism in Jordan, see
  • Robinson , Glenn E. 1997 . 'Can Islamists Be Democrats? The Case of Jordan,' . Middle East Journal , 51 ( 3 ) : 385 This reflects the situation among supporters of the Islamic movement in general. See
  • 1979 . Jordan Times , 17 April Erlikh, p. 29, based on
  • 23 July 1979 . al-Talta 23 July , Palestinian a'iqa , , Syria Ibid., p. 29, based on
  • 24 September 1979 . al-urriyya 24 September , Hawatma , , Lebanon Ibid., p. 29, based on
  • Satloff , Robert B. 1987 . 'Repression Irbid:Raising the Stakes in Jordan' . Middle East Insight , 5 ( l ) January-February : 31 – 37 .
  • Brand . Palestinians in the Arab World 260 n. 22
  • Susser , Asher . 1986 . 'Jordan' . Middle East Contemporary Survey , : 431 – 437 .
  • Brand , Laune . Palestinians in the Arab World 219 – 220 .
  • Sayigh , Yezid . 1987 . Al-Urdun wa 'l-Filast¯niyyun (Jordan and the Palestinians) , 76 – 79 . London : Riad El-Rayyes Books .
  • Rath , Kathrin . 1994 . "The Process of Democratization in Jordan,' . Middle Eastern Studies , 30 ( 3 ) July : 539
  • Salloukh , Bassem F. 1996 . 'State Strength, Permeability, and Foreign Policy Behavior: Jordan in Theoretical Perspective,' . Arab Studies Quarterly , 18 ( 2 ) Spring : 54 – 55 .
  • Jureidini , Paul and McLaurin , R. D. 1984 . Jordan: The Impact cf Social Change on the Role of the Tribes , Washington Papers, No. 108 46 – 57 . Washington, DC : Praeger .
  • Garfinkle , Adam . 1979 . “ 'The Nine Lives of Hashemite Jordan,' ” . In The Politics of Change in the Middle East , Edited by: Satloff , Robert . 92 New York : Westview .
  • Fathi , Schirin H. 1994 . Jordan: An Invented Nation? Tribe-State Dynamics and the Formation of National Identity , 175 Hamburg : Deutsches Orient-Institut .
  • Sayigh , Yezid . 1987 . “ 'Jordan in the 1980s>: Legitimacy, Entity and Identity,' ” . In Politics and the Economy in Jordan Edited by: Wilson , Rodney . 181 London/New York

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