- Pichler , Rupert . 1996 . Die Wirtschaft der Lombardei als Teil Österrelchs. Wirtschaftspolitik, Aussenhandel und industrielle Interessen, 1815-1859 , Berlin : Dunker & Humblot . The aim of this article is to address some of the broad themes of the author's 1996 monograph, making his arguments available to an anglophone readership. For greater detail see
- 2001 . L'economia lambarda e l'Austria. Politico commerciale e sviluppo industriale 1815-1859 , Milan : FrancoAngeli . (or, for the Italian edition
- Cole , Laurence . 2000 . Modern Italy , 5 ( 2 ) : 242 – 4 . This was reviewed in this journal by I am deeply indebted to David S. Laven who thoroughly revised and greatly improved my work
- Gellner , E. 1983 . Nations and Nationalism , Oxford : Blackwell . For a discussion of these processes see, for example
- Anderson , B. 1991 . Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism , London : Verso . For the importance of this approach see
- Capra , C. 1984 . “ 'Il Settecento' ” . In Il Ducato di Milano dal 1535 al 1796 , Edited by: Capra , C. and Sella , D. Turin : UTET . For eighteenth-century reforms see
- Capra and Sella . 1987 . La Lombardia austriaca nell'età delle riforme 1706-1796 Turin
- Mozarelli , C. 1982 . Sovrano, società e amministrazione locale nella Lombardia teresiana (1749-1758) , Bologna : Il Mulino .
- Meriggi , M. 1983 . Amministrazione e classi sociali nel Lombardo-Veneto (1814-1848) , Bologna : Il Mulino . The fullest treatment of the restructuring of the Habsburg administration in the aftermath of Napoleon is
- Cole , J.W. 1985 . 'Culture and economy in peripheral Europe' . Ethnologia Europea , 15 : 3 – 26 . For an example of the commonly held view that the processes of creating nation states and industrialization are intimately linked see
- Baltzareck , F. 1979 . “ 'Zu den regionalen Ansätzen der frühen Industrialisierung in Europa' ” . In Wirtschafts- und sozialhistorische Beiträge. Festschrift für Alfred Hoffmann am 75 , Edited by: Knittler , H. 334 – 55 . Vienna : Geburtstag, Verlag für Geschichte und Politik . See, for example
- Good . The Economic Rise 241 – 5 .
- Good , D.F. 1991 . “ 'Austria-Hungary' ” . In Patterns of European Industrialization. The Nineteenth Century , Edited by: Sylla , R. and Toniolo , G. 235 London and New York : Routledge . In this instance Good is using 'national boundaries' to refer to the political frontiers of sovereign states rather than those of 'linguistic nations'
- Recent research puts the lie to the notion of deliberate exploitation on the part of the Habsburgs, Komlos, for example, concludes that 'there was absolutely no evidence at all that Hungary was exploited by Austria', The Habsburg Monarchy as a Customs Union, p. 215.
- Toniolo , G. 1990 . An Economic History of Liberal Italy , London : Routledge . For good surveys of Italian economy after unification see
- Zamagni , V. 1990 . Dalla periferia al centra La seconda rinascita economica dell'Italia 1861-1981 , Bologna : Il Mulino .
- Mori , G. 1975 . 'The genesis of Italian industrialization' . Journal of European Economic History , 4 : 79
- Cafagna , L. 1972 . “ 'Italy 1830-1914' ” . In The Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 4, i, The Emergence of Industrial Societies , Edited by: Cipolla , C.M. vol. 4 , 279 – 328 . London : Fontana .
- Cafagna , L. and Cafagna , L. 1989 . “ 'Introduzione' ” . In Dualismo e sviluppo nella storia d'Italia , xxvii Padua : Marsilio .
- Cafagna , L. “ 'I modelli interpretativi della storiografia' ” . In Dualismo e sviluppo Edited by: Cafagna , L. 399
- Caracciolo , A. 1973 . “ 'La storia economica' ” . In Storia d'ltalia, 3, DaI primo Settecento all'Unità , Edited by: Romano , R. and Vivanti , C. 511 Turin : Einaudi .
- Mokyr , J. 1984 . 'And thou, happy Austria? A review essay' . Journal of Economic History , 44 : 1094 – 9 . 1098
- Gerschenkron , A. 1962 . Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective , 354 Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- Gerschenkron . 1977 . An Economic Spurt that Failed , 47 – 50 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Good . 'Austria-Hungary' . 229 – 32 . Gross, 'The industrial revolution in the Habsburg Monarchy';
- Zamagni . Dalla periferia 40 – 1 .
- Carera , A. 1988 . “ 'I limiti del tentato decollo dopo il ritorno degli austriaci' ” . In Storia dell'industria lombarda , Vol. 1 , 202 Milan : DaI settecento all'unità politico. Un sistema manufatturiero aperto al mercato .
- Levati , S. 1997 . La nobiltà del lavoro. Negozianti e banchieri a Milano tra ancien régime e restaurazione , Milan : FrancoAngeli . A study of Lombardy's entrepreneurial activity is
- Bianchi-Giovini , A. 1853 . L'Austria in Italia e Ie sue confische. Il conte dl Fuquelmont e le sue confessioni Turin
- Correnti , C. 1847 . L'Austria e Ia Lombardia no place of publication
- Sandonà , A. 1912 . Il Regno Lombardo-Veneto 1814-1859. La costituzione e I'amministrazione , Milan : L.F. Cogliati .
- Angeli , Proprietari and Moioli , Angelo . 1993 . “ 'Il commercio serico lombarde nella prima metà dell'Ottocento' ” . In La seta in Europa sec. XIII-XX , Edited by: Cavaciocchi , Simonetta . 723 – 39 . Florence : Le Monnier . For the mechanisms of the silk market see
- De Maddalena , A. 1974 . Prezzi e mercedi a Milano dal 1701 al 1860 394 Milan
- Angeli . Proprietari 77
- Fichier . Die Wirtschaft 125 – 6 . According to the respective sources (Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Finanzarchiv Präsidium) this was a decision of the central government while the local authorities' opinions were contradictory. The eventual decision was based on considerations about how to stimulate the future potential of the silk sector to generate further tax income
- Angeli . Proprietari 77
- Pichler . Die Wirtschaft 151 Again this was a decision of the central government after having received contradictory signals from Lombardy. In that context see for the aspect of technical innovation
- Tolaini , Roberta . 1994 . 'Cambiamenti tecnologici nell'industria serica: Ia trattura nella prima metà dell'ottocento. Casi e problemi' . Società e Storia , 17 : 741 – 809 .
- Glazier , I.A. 1966 . 'Il commercio estera del Regno Lombardo-Veneto dal 1815 al 1865' . Archivio economico dell'unificazione italiana, ser.1 , 15 : 3 Rome
- Pichler . Die Wirtschaft 287 based on the data supplied by the Tafeln zur Statistik der österreichischen Monarchie, Table 'Zoll-Gefäll'
- Greenfield . Economics and Liberalism 267
- Salvia , S. La . 1977 . Giornalismo lombarde: gli 'Annali universali di statistica' (1824-1844) Rome Greenfield, Economics and liberalism. See also
- Hunecke , V. 1977 . 'Cultura liberale e industrialisme nell'Italia dell'Ottocento' . Studi storici , 18 : 23 – 32 .
- Gioia , M. 1819 . Sidle manifatture nazionali e tariffe dazlarie , Milan : Discorso popolare . For the text that did most to launch the debate see
- Rath , R. John . 1969 . The Provisional Austrian Regime in Lombardy-Venetia 1814-1815 , Austin and London : University of Texas Press . For this, an excellent account still remains
- Pichler . Die Wirtschaft 86 – 122 . For a fuller discussion see
- Pichler . Die Wirtschaft 140 – 63 . The research is almost exclusively based on material in the Archivio di Stato di Milano and the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv (Hofkammerarchiv and Finanzarchiv)
- Pichler , R. 1997 . 'Politica commerciale, economia e rapporti di vicinato tra l'Italia e la monarchia asburgica, 1815-1914' . Società e Storia , 20 : 48 – 85 . Again, the research is largely based on archive sources (Archivio di Stato di Milano and Österreichisches Staatsarchiv (Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv))
- The issue of banking and industrial development in Lombardy is most comprehensively discussed by Levati, La nobiltà del lavoro.
- Bernardello , A. 1996 . La prima ferrovia fra Venezia e Milano: storia della imperial-regia privilegiata strada ferrata ferdinandea lombardo-veneta (1835-1852) Venice The most comprehensive analysis of railway building in Lombardy is
- Pichler . Die Wirtschaft 247 – 63 . Since it covers only the period of private ownership this work does not deal with the interesting period of neoabsolutist rule. For the latter see
- Crafts , N.F.R. 1983 . 'Gross national product in Europe 1870-1910: some new estimates' . in Explorations in Economic History , 20 : 387 For an explanation of this techniques see
- Pammer , Michael . 1997 . 'Proxy data and income estimates: the economic lag of Central and Eastern Europe' . Journal of Economic History , 57 : 448 – 55 . Crafts used this approach to estimate income for countries where the data for the national income accounting method is poor, employing a sample of countries with good income estimates as the dependent variable in the regression. The technique was also employed by Good, 'The economic lag'. Yet it did generate intense debate: see
- Good , D. F. 1997 . 'Proxy data and income estimates: reply to Pammer' . Journal of Economic History , 57 : 456 – 63 .
- Zaninelli . 'L'industria del cotone' . xv
Modern Italy
Volume 6, 2001 - Issue 1