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Original Articles

Lessons not learned: The use of force in ‘peace operations’ in the 1990s

Pages 55-74 | Published online: 08 Nov 2007

Notes

  • 1994 . ‘The Use of Force in Intervention Operations’ . seminar presentation, International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) . 1994 . London
  • Schmidl , Erwin A. , ed. 2000 . “ ‘encompass a wide range of different missions, ranging from a handful of unarmed civilians or military observers to combat units with ten thousands of troops’ ” . In Peace Operations Between War and Peace , 1 London and Portland, OR : Frank Cass .
  • Oct. 1997 . Joint Military Doctrine: Peace Support Operations , Oct. , Swedish Armed Forces .
  • 30 Jan. 1996 . “ ‘Supplement to An Agenda for Peace, Aide‐memoire by France’ A/50/869, S/1996/71 ” . 30 Jan. , UN Document
  • Ruggie , John . 1996 . ‘The UN and the Collective Use of Force: Whither or Whether?’ . International Peacekeeping , 3 ( 4 ) Winter : 14
  • Prunier , Gerard . 1997 . “ ‘The Experience of European Armies in Operation Restore Hope’ ” . In Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention , Edited by: Clarke , W. and Herbst , J. 136 Boulder : Westview Press .
  • Damrosch , Lori F. , ed. 1993 . Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts , New York : Council on Foreign Relations .
  • Menkhaus , Ken . “ ‘International Peacebuilding and the Dynamics of Local and National Reconciliation in Somalia’ ” . Edited by: Clarke and Herbst . 43 (note 11)
  • Compagnon , Daniel . 1998 . “ ‘Somali Armed Movements: The Interplay of Political Entrepreneurship and Clan‐based Factions’ ” . In African Guerrillas , Edited by: Clapham , Christopher . 73 – 90 . Oxford : James Currey .
  • Bradbury , Mark . Oxford 1994 . The Somali Conflict: Prospects for Peace , Oxford , 4 OXFAM . Oxfam Research Paper No.9
  • Lewis , Ioan . “ ‘Making History in Somalia: Humanitarian Intervention in a Stateless Society’ ” . In The Centre for the Study of Global Governance , London School of Economics . Discussion Paper 6
  • Sahnoun , M. 1994 . ‘Prevention in Conflict Resolution: The Case of Somalia’ . Irish Studies in International Affairs , 5 : 5 – 11 .
  • Sahnoun , Mohamed . 1994 . The Missed Opportunities , Washington DC : United States Institute of Peace Press .
  • Boutros‐Ghali , Boutros . 1999 . Unvanquished: A US‐UN Saga , 94 – 5 . London : I.B. Tauris .
  • Bowden , Mark . 1999 . Black Hawk Down , 72 – 4 . 358 – 9 . London : Bantam Press .
  • Drew , Elisabeth . 1994 . On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency , 274 New York : Simon & Schuster/Touchstone .
  • Bowden . Black Hawk Down 359
  • 1993 . ‘US to Leave Somalia with Its Guard Up’ . The Washington Post , 8 Dec.
  • Prunier , Gerard . “ ‘The Experience of European Armies in Operation Restore Hope’ ” . In Learning from Somalia Edited by: Clarke , W. and Herbst , J. 139 – 41 .
  • 1993 . ‘Mortars and Wine in Tale of Two Cities’ . The Independent , 15 July
  • Patman , Robert . Disarmament in a Failed State: The Experience of the UN in Somalia , 33 Peace Research Centre, The Australian National University Research School of Pacific Studies . Working Paper No. 162
  • Boutros‐Ghali . Unvanquished: A US‐UN Saga 95 – 6 .
  • Drew . On the Edge 319 – 20 .
  • Myers , Steven Lee . 2000 . ‘Chinese Embassy Bombing: A Wide Net of Blame’ . The New York Times , 17 April
  • 23 May 2000 . “ ‘Kosovo’ ” . Volume I , 23 May , xxxix – xl . Foreign Affairs Committee, House of Commons . Report and Proceedings of the Committee
  • O'Shea , Brendan . 1998 . Crisis at Bihac: Bosnia's Bloody Battlefield , Phoenix Mill : Sutton Publishing .
  • Holbrooke , Richard , ed. 1998 . “ ‘With pressure for a ceasefire building, we urged Tudjman to do as much as possible militarily.’ ” . In To End a War , 191 New York : Random House .
  • 1999 . ‘War Crimes Investigators recommend Trial for 3 Croatian Generals’ . International Herald Tribune , 22 March
  • Nordin , Linda . February 1998 . “ ‘The NATO Strikes over Bosnia‐Herzegovina: Why on 30 August 1995?’ ” . February , Stockholm University, Department of Political Science . MA thesis
  • Holbrooke . To End a War 99
  • Rohde , David . 1997 . A Safe Area , 419 – 22 . London : Simon & Schuster Ltd./ Pocket Books .
  • Nordin . “ ‘The NATO Strikes over Bosnia‐Herzegovina’ ” . 135 147 notes
  • Patman , Robert , ed. 1999 . “ ‘UN Peacekeeping and the Use of Force: No Escape from Hard Decisions,’ ” . In Security in a Post Cold War World , London : Macmillan .
  • Pugh , Michael . 1997 . From Mission Cringe to Mission Creep? ‐ Implications of New Peace Support Operations Doctrine , 22 Oslo : Institute for Defence Studies . Forsvarsstudie No.2, 1997
  • Husum , S.B. 1998 . At War without Weapons ‐ A Peacekeeper in the Bosnian Conflict , Shrewsbury : Airlife Publishing Ltd. .
  • April 2000 . “ ‘Text Read Out by Judge Jorda during the Hearing’ ” . In The Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic , April , 28 ICTY .
  • 1995 . Rearming with Impunity: International Support for the Perpetrators of the Genocide , 7 ( 4 ) May : 6 – 7 . Human Rights Watch Arms Project
  • Prunier , Gerard . 1996 . The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide , London : Hurst & Company . especially chapters 7 and 8
  • Sept. 1994 . Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance , Sept. , 670 – 72 . London : African Rights .
  • McNulty , Mel . 1997 . ‘France, Rwanda and Military Intervention: A Double Discrediting’ . International Peacekeeping , 4 ( 3 ) : 39
  • Gourevitch , Philip . 1998 . We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda , 158 London : Picador .

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