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Original Articles

Sliding into war: The Somalia imbroglio and us army peace operations doctrine

Pages 194-214 | Published online: 08 Nov 2007

Notes

  • Jan. 1993 . “ ‘Somalia: Things Fall Apart’ ” . INS Resource Information Center Alert Series Jan. , UNHCR CDR Databases .
  • 1992 . ‘Call for Security Force in Somalia’ . The Times , 7 Jan.
  • 1992 . Save the Children , 1 Oct. press release
  • 1 June 1994 . “ UN Security Council Report ” . 1 June , 10 – 11 . S/1994/653
  • 1994 . ‘Mission Impossible’ . Assignment, BBC , 2 15 Mar.
  • 1992 . ‘Lights! Action! What Next?’ . Economist , 12 Dec. : 71
  • African Rights . May 1993 . Operation Restore Hope: a Preliminary Assessment May , 2 – 6 . London
  • 1992 . ‘Somalia’ . Somalia News Update (SNU) , 17 Sept.
  • Wagner , Thomas . 1992 . ‘Somalia‐Reaction to US Troop Offer Mixed’ . SNU , 27 Nov.
  • OXFAM press release . 1 Dec. 1992 . “ ‘OXFAM Supports Greater UN Military Intervention in Somalia’ ” . 1 Dec. ,
  • STC press release . 26 Nov. 1992 . “ ‘Imposing Troops Could Destroy Aid Effort’ ” . 26 Nov. ,
  • 1995 . The Leinster Leader , 8 Mar.
  • Kilkenny , John . “ ‘Annual Report of CONCERN Somalia for 1993’ ” . 6 Dublin : CONCERN Worldwide . unpublished
  • African Rights . Operation Restore Hope 20 – 25 .
  • Walker , Martin and Husband , Mark . 1992 . ‘US Reluctant to Disarm Gunmen’ . Guardian , Dec.
  • 1992 . ‘Vague Statements on Disarmament’ . SNU , 17 Dec.
  • Eagleburger . 1994 . Assignment , 15 Mar.
  • Ransdell , Eric . 1992 . ‘Strangers in a Strange Land’ . US News and World Report , 21 Dec. : 60 – 66 .
  • Ellis , Richard . 1993 . ‘Gun Gangs Rule Again on Streets of Somalia’ . Sunday Times , 3 Jan.
  • 1993 . ‘Aideed's Khartoum Connection’ . SNU , 11 Sept.
  • 1993 . ‘Sudan and Iran Suspected of Assisting Aideed’ . SNU , 12 Oct.
  • 1993 . ‘Further Notes on Aideed's Khartoum Connection’ . SNU , 10 Nov.
  • Nordland , Rod , Bartholet , Jeffrey and Stevenson , Jonathan . 1993 . ‘Hurry‐Up Offensive’ . Newsweek , 4 Jan. : 14
  • 1993 . ‘Meagre Disarmament Record’ . SNU , 11 Sept.
  • African Rights . Operation Restore Hope 35 – 41 .
  • African Rights . July 1993 . Somalia: Human Rights Abuses by the United Nations Forces July , London
  • 1993 . ‘Belgians Admit Human Rights Abuses’ . SNU , 26 Aug.
  • African Rights . 1992 . ‘Rukiya Omar Fired!’ . SNU , 7 Dec.
  • Lederer , Edith M. 1992 . ‘Somalia: Viewpoints on Troop Option’ . SNU , 3 Dec.
  • Stephen , Andrew . 1992 . ‘Bush Seeks UN Backing to Swamp Somalia with Troops’ . Observer , 29 Nov. : 15
  • Berdal , Mats R. 1994 . ‘Fateful Encounter: the United States and UN Peacekeeping’ . Survival , 36 ( 1 ) : 30 – 50 .
  • Maier , Karl . 1993 . ‘US Forces Ready to Step Up Action against Somalis’ . Independent , 9 Jan.
  • 1993 . ‘American Tanks Destroy Somali Warlord's Arsenal’ . The Times , 8 Jan.
  • Peterson , Scott . 1993 . ‘Warlord's Squabbling Mars Peace Talks’ . Daily Telegraph , 5 Jan.
  • Ozanne , Julian . 1993 . ‘Somalia Peace Talks Closer after US Attack’ . Financial Times , 8 Jan.
  • Pick , Hella . 1993 . ‘Somali Leaders Near Agreement’ . Guardian , 8 Jan. : 9
  • Dettmer , Jamie . 1993 . ‘Gunmen Step up Attacks on US Troops as Talks Collapse’ . The Times , 4 Jan.
  • Richburg , Keith . 1993 . ‘US Helicopters and Belgian Troops Rout Somali Force’ . International Herald Tribune , 26 Jan.
  • Mdlongwa , Francis . 1993 . ‘Somali Gunmen Murder Irish Nurse’ . Independent , 23 Feb.
  • 1993 . ‘US Tells Somali Warlord to Get out of Kismayu’ . Independent , 24 Feb.
  • Auerbach , Stuart . 1993 . ‘Mobs Attack US and UN Forces in Somalia’ . IHT , 25 Feb.
  • Simmons , Michael . 1993 . ‘Many Somalis “Face More Risk of Attack than Ever'” . Guardian , 2 Mar. : 9
  • Husband , Mark . 1993 . ‘Somali Relief Agencies Denounce US’ . Guardian , 1 Mar.
  • 1994 . Aideed, Assignment , 15 Mar.
  • 1993 . ‘USC in Clash with UNOSOM II Troops in Mogadishu’ . SNU , 5 June
  • Allard , Kenneth . 1995 . Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned , 30 – 31 . Washington, DC : Ft. McNair .
  • Elliott , Michael . 1993 . ‘The Making of a Fiasco’ . Newsweek , 18 Oct. : 10
  • 1994 . Assignment , 15 Mar.
  • Husband , Mark . 1993 . ‘Enter the Terminator’ . Sunday Times , 13 June : 17
  • Ellis , Richard . 1993 . ‘Hide‐and‐Seek Warlord Defies UN’ . Sunday Times , 20 June : 15
  • 1993 . ‘Somali Gunmen Attack UN Offices’ . Scotsman , 28 Sept. : 8
  • Adams , James . 1993 . ‘Clinton Backs down over Aideed Hunt’ . Sunday Times , 10 Oct. : 17
  • Post , Tom . 1993 . ‘Fire Fight from Hell’ . Newsweek , 18 Oct. : 12 – 15 .
  • Lief , Louise . 1993 . ‘What Went Wrong in Somalia?’ . US News and World Report , 18 Oct. : 33 – 7 .
  • African Rights . Human Rights Abuses 5 – 7 .
  • 1994 . Assignment , 15 Mar.
  • Pullella , Philip and Cowell , Alan . 1993 . ‘Italy Seeks Greater Say in Somalia Command’ . Guardian , 6 July
  • Hamrick , S.J. 1993 . ‘Aideed It My Way’ . SNU , 1 Sept.
  • 1993 . ‘Ciampi's and Clinton's Press Conference’ . SNU , 18 Sept.
  • Kiley , Sam . 1993 . ‘"Vietnam Syndrome” Blurs US Vision in Somalia’ . The Times , 4 Jan.
  • Dobbie , Charles . 1994 . A Concept for Post‐Cold War Peacekeeping , 129 137 Oslo : Institutt for Forsvantudier .
  • Dobbie , Charles . 1994 . ‘A Concept for Post‐Cold War Peacekeeping’ . Survival , 36 ( 3 ) : 121
  • Army Field Manual (AFM) . 1995 . Wider Peacekeeping , London : HMSO .
  • Howe , Jonathan T. 1995 . “The United States and United Nations in Somalia: the Limits of Involvement’ . Washington Quarterly , 18 ( 3 ) : 58
  • Department of the Army (DoA) . 5 May 1986 . US Army Field Manual 100–5: AirLand Battle: Operations 5 May , 14 – 15 . Washington, DC Ch.6.
  • Toffler , Alvin and Toffler , Heidi . 1994 . War and Anti‐War , 65 – 8 . London : Warner .
  • Builder , Carl H. 1986 . Masks of War: American Military Styles in Strategy and Analysis , 22 – 4 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Farrell , Theo . Weapons Without a Cause: the Politics of Weapons Acquisition in the United States , Basingstoke : Macmillan . forthcoming, Ch.2.
  • Demchak , Chris C. 1991 . Military Organizations, Complex Machines: Modernization in the US Armed Services , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
  • DoA . FM 100–5: AirLand Battle 12
  • Farrell , Theo . 1994 . “ ‘Weapons without a Cause’ ” . University of Bristol . PhD thesis
  • DoA . Dec. 1994 . FM 100–23: Peace Operations Dec. , 12 Washington DC
  • AFM . Wider Peacekeeping 2.1 – 2.2 .
  • Quinn , Dennis J. 1994 . “ ‘Peace Support Operations: Definitions and Implications’ ” . In Peace Support Operations and the US Military , Edited by: Quinn . 20 – 21 . Washington, DC : National Defense University Press .
  • McCaffrey , Barry R. “ ‘US Military Support for Peacekeeping Operations’ ” . 5
  • Seawell , Sarah . “ ‘Peace Enforcement and the United Nations’ ” . 101 – 2 . (D/ASD for Peacekeeping/Peace Enforcement Policy)
  • DoA . FM 100–23 7 – 12 .
  • Farrell , Theo . 1995 . ‘What Lesson Is there from Somalia?’ . European Brief , June : 31 – 2 .
  • Traynor , Ian . 1995 . ‘Serbs Turn Guns on Refugees’ and ‘Third Time Unlucky for Unsafe Area” . IHT , 13 July : 1 11
  • DoA . 1994 . FM 100–5: Fighting Future Wars , 13.3 – 13.4 . Brassey's .
  • Dobbie . A Concept for Post‐Cold War Peacekeeping 127 see n.53 (above)
  • Ruggie , John Gerard . 1994 . ‘Peacekeeping and US Interests’ . Washington Quarterly , 17 ( 1 ) : 181 – 2 .
  • McCain , John . “ ‘The Proper US Role in Peacekeeping’ ” . Edited by: Quinn . 91 see n.65 (above)

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