Blue Berets or blindfolds? Peacekeeping and the hostage Effect

Notes

• 1993 . SC Res , 824 6 May 1993
   Google Scholar
• International Peace Academy . 1984 . Peacekeeper's Handbook , New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Durch , William J. 1994 . The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Diehl , Paul F. 1994 . International Peacekeeping , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thakur , Ramesh . 1987 . International Peacekeeping in Lebanon: United Nations Authority and Multinational Force , Boulder : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• James , Alan . 1990 . Peacekeeping in International Politics , 1 London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1990 . The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping , 5 New York : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• James , Alan . 1990 . ‘International Peacekeeping: The Disputants’ View’ . Political Studies , 38 ( 2 ) June : 230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackinlay , John . 1989 . The Peacekeepers: An Assessment of Peacekeeping Operations at the Arab‐Israeli Interface , 222 London : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Clutterbuck , Richard . 1987 . Kidnap, Hijack and Extortion: The Response , Basingstoke : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• von Clausewitz , Carl . 1982 . On War , Edited by: Rapoport , Anatol . Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Schelling , Thomas C. 1960 . The Strategy of Conflict , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allison , Graham T. 1971 . Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis , 13 Boston : Little, Brown & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Schelling , Thomas C. 1966 . Arms and Influence , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Claude , Inis L. Jr . 1966 . ‘Collective Legitimation as a Political Function of the United Nations’ . International Organization , 20 ( 3 ) : 375
   Google Scholar
• Claude , Inis L. Jr . 1965 . Swords Into Ploughshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization , 206 London : University of London Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . ‘Revolution on the 37th Floor’ . BBC News and Current Affairs, Radio , 4 22 April
   Google Scholar
• James , Alan . 1994 . ‘Problems of Internal Peacekeeping’ . Diplomacy and Statecraft , 5 ( 1 ) Mar. : 22
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , Lewis . 1993 . “ ‘Peacekeeping's Strategic Imperatives’ ” . In The Changing Face of Peacekeeping , Edited by: Morrison , Alex . 46 Toronto : Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies . former UNPROFOR Force Commander
   Google Scholar
• Holst , Johan Jørgen . 1990 . “ ‘Support and Limitations: Peacekeeping from the Point of View of the Troop Contributors’ ” . In The United Nations and Peacekeeping: Results, Limitations and Prospects: The Lessons of Forty Years of Experience , Edited by: Rikhye , Indar Jit and Skjelsbaek , Kjell . 111 London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• James , Alan . 1969 . The Politics of Peacekeeping , 111 London : Chatto & Windus .
   Google Scholar
• Skogmo , Bjorn . 1989 . UNIFIL: International Peacekeeping in Lebanon, 1978–1988 , Boulder : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• McGreal , Chris . 1993 . ‘Renamo Puts £66m Price on Keeping Peace’ . The Guardian , 10 June
   Google Scholar
• Freedman , Lawrence and Karsch , Effraim . 1993 . The Gulf Conflict 1990–1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , London : Faber & Faber .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . ‘Where Are the Great Powers?’ . Foreign Affairs , 73 ( 4 ) July/Aug. : 23 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1991 . SC Res , 693 20 May 1991
   Google Scholar
• United Nations , ed. 1992 . “ ‘Geneva Agreements’ ” . In El Salvador Agreements: The Path to Peace , 1 New York : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• 23 Dec. 1992 . “ ‘Report of the Secretary‐General on the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL)’ ” . 23 Dec. , 1 S/25006
   Google Scholar
• 16 Sept. 1991 . “ ‘First Report of the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador’ ” . 16 Sept. , 5 A/45/1055 and S/23037 Annex
   Google Scholar
• 30 Aug. 1993 . “ ‘FMLN Communique’ ” . 30 Aug. , 6 S/26371 Annex II
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . ‘Proposal of the FMLN/FDR’ . Latin American Perspectives , 14 ( 4 ) Fall : 486 Issue 55
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 21 May 1993 . “ ‘Transfer of Land Program’ and ‘Reintegration Programs’ in ‘Report of the Secretary‐General on the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador’ ” . 21 May , 14 16 17 S/25812
   Google Scholar
• Grenier , Yvon . 1991 . ‘Understanding the FMLN: A Glossary of Five Words’ . Conflict Quarterly , 11 ( 2 ) Spring : 54
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . Facts on File , 30 Oct. : 799
   Google Scholar
• Woodward , Bob . 1987 . Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987 , London : Headline .
   Google Scholar
• 8 June 1993 . “ ‘Report of the Secretary‐General on the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador’ ” . 8 June , 2 S/25901
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . SC Res , 814 26 Mar. 1993
   Google Scholar
• 11 Mar. 1992 . “ ‘Report of the Secretary‐General: The Situation in Somalia’ ” . 11 Mar. , 4 S/23693
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . SC Res , 814 26 Mar. 1993.
   Google Scholar
• 17 Aug. 1993 . “ ‘Further Report of the Secretary‐General Submitted in Pursuance of Paragraph 18 of Resolution 814 (1993)’ ” . 17 Aug. , 17 S/26317
   Google Scholar
• Block , Robert . 1993 . ‘Former Envoy Criticizes UN Actions in Somalia’ . The Independent , 16 June
   Google Scholar
• Ruggie , John Gerard . 1993 . ‘Wandering in the Void: Charting the UN's New Strategic Role’ . Foreign Affairs , 72 ( 5 ) Nov./Dec. : 29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1993 . United Nations World Chronicle , 23 Sept.
   Google Scholar
• Farer , Tom . 24 Aug. 1993 . “ ‘Report Pursuant to Paragraph 5 of Security Council Resolution 837 (1993) on the Investigation Into the 5 June 1995 Attack on United Nations Forces in Somalia Conducted on Behalf of the Secretary‐General’ ” . 24 Aug. , 6 S/26351
   Google Scholar
• Biles , Peter . 1992 . ‘Anarchy Rules’ . Africa Report , 37 ( 4 ) July/Aug. : 32
   Google Scholar
• 21 April 1992 . “ ‘Report of the Secretary‐General: The Situation in Somalia’ ” . 21 April , 11 S/23829/Add.1
   Google Scholar
• 27 Nov. 1992 . “ ‘Letter Dated 24 November 1992 From the Secretary‐General Addressed to the President of the Security Council’ ” . 27 Nov. , 1 S/24859
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . SC Res , 733 23 Jan. 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Yost , Mark . 1993 . ‘A Short History of Somalia’ . Wall Street Journal , 19 Oct.
   Google Scholar
• 30 Nov. 1992 . “ ‘Letter Dated 29 November 1992 From the Secretary‐General Addressed to the President of the Security Council’ ” . 30 Nov. , 1 S/24868
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . SC Res , 837 6 June 1993
   Google Scholar
• Huband , Mark . 1993 . ‘UN Troops Kill Protesters’ . The Guardian , 14 June
   Google Scholar
• 12 Nov. 1993 . “ ‘Further Report of the Secretary‐General Submitted in Pursuance of Paragraph 19 of Resolution 814 (1993) and Paragraph A5 of Resolution 865 (1993)’ ” . 12 Nov. , 14 16 S/26738
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . SC Res , 885 16 Nov. 1993
   Google Scholar
• Hillmore , Peter . 1993 . ‘UN Succumbs to the Curse of Somalia’ . The Observer , 18 July
   Google Scholar
• Gutman , Roy . 1993 . A Witness to Genocide: The First Inside Account of the Horrors of Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia , Shaftsbury : Element .
   Google Scholar
• Sonyel , Salahi Ramadan . 1994 . The Muslims of Bosnia: The Genocide of a People , Markfield : The Islamic Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . SC Res , 787 16 Nov. 1992
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . SC Res , 836 4 June 1993;
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . SC Res , 787 16 Nov. 1992
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . SC Res , 795 11 Dec. 1992
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . SC Res , 836 4 June 1993
   Google Scholar
• 11 Nov. 1992 . “ ‘Report of the Secretary‐General on the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia’ ” . 11 Nov. , 24 31 S/24795
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . SC Res , 941 23 Sept. 1994
   Google Scholar
• 6 June 1992 . “ ‘Report of the Secretary‐General Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 757 (1992)’ ” . 6 June , 6 S/24075
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . SC Res , 824 6 May 1993
   Google Scholar
• 30 April 1993 . “ ‘Report of the Security Council Mission Established Pursuant to Resolution 819 (1993)’ ” . 30 April , 11 – 12 . S/25700
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . SC Res , 824 6 May 1993
   Google Scholar
• 26 Mar. 1993 . “ ‘Report of the Secretary‐General on the Activities of the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia: Peace Talks on Bosnia and Herzegovina’ ” . 26 Mar. , 4 S/25479
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , Noel . 1991 . Bosnia: A Short History , 248 London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Gow , James . 1994 . ‘Towards a Settlement in Bosnia: The Military Dimension’ . The World Today , 50 ( 5 ) May : 97
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . The International Herald Tribune , 2 Dec.
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . ‘For Sarajevo, a Fateful Squeeze’ . International Herald Tribune , 21 Sept.
   Google Scholar
• Vukic , Snjezana . 1994 . ‘Battle Over Bosnia “Safe” Zones’ . The Independent , 16 Nov.
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . ‘The Bosnian Burden’ . The Economist , 29 Jan. : 19
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , Col. Alistair . 1994 . ‘Operating in Bosnia’ . RUSI Journal , June : 15
   Google Scholar
• Jan. 1994 . “ ‘Information Notes on the Former Yugoslavia’ ” . Jan. , i No.1/94
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan , Michael and Bellamy , Christopher . 1995 . ‘Hunkering Down for a Long, Long War’ . The Independent , 2 May
   Google Scholar
• Freedman , Lawrence . 1994 . ‘Lifting Embargo Risks Hurting Bosnians Most’ . The Times , 15 Sept.
   Google Scholar
• Fox , Robert . 1994 . ‘Peace Mission Hangs in Balance as Sarajevo Battles for Its Sanity’ . Daily Telegraph , 28 Sept.
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . ‘Karadzic Threatens to Oust UN’ . The Guardian , 12 Oct.
   Google Scholar
• Gompert , David . 1994 . ‘How to Defeat Serbia’ . Foreign Affairs , 73 ( 4 ) July/Aug. : 39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1991 . SC Res , 713 25 Sept. 1991;
   Google Scholar
• Pomfret , John . 1994 . ‘Belgrade Suspected of Breaking Its Embargo’ . International Herald Tribune , 10–11 Dec.
   Google Scholar
• Pomfret , John . 1994 . ‘U.N. Forces in Bosnia Let Serbs Dictate Ground Rules’ . The Washington Post , 2 Nov.
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . SC Res , 781 9 Oct. 1992
   Google Scholar
• Pringle , Peter . 1994 . ‘Allies Weigh Politics of Air Strikes’ . The Independent , 16 Feb.
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . ‘Bihac Pounded, Almost Encircled’ . International Herald Tribune , 2 Dec.
   Google Scholar
• Williams , Carol J. 1994 . ‘Bosnia Peacekeeping Role Makes UN Forces Pawns’ . Los Angeles Times , 27 Nov.
   Google Scholar
• Brand , Joel . 1995 . ‘Peacekeepers Seek UN Response to Serb Assault’ . The Times , 9 May
   Google Scholar
• Daly , Emma . 1995 . ‘Sarajevo in Grip of Joy and Disbelief . The Independent , 26 May
   Google Scholar
• Borger , Julian . 1995 . ‘UN Crisis as Serbs Kill French’ . The Observer , 28 May
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . ‘Serb Move Mocks UN's “Peace” Role’ . Ulster Newsletter , 30 May
   Google Scholar
• Black , Ian . 1995 . ‘Diplomats Make Discreet Efforts to Free UK Hostages’ . The Guardian , 2 June
   Google Scholar
• Borger , Julian . 1995 . ‘Serb Forces Seize Food Convoy as UN Returns to Peacekeeping Role’ . The Guardian , 2 June
   Google Scholar
• Borger , Julian . 1995 . ‘Final 26 UN Hostages Freed as Bosnia Focus Shifts North’ . The Guardian , 19 June
   Google Scholar
• Barber , Tony . 1995 . ‘Serbs Bicker Over Hostage Release’ . The Independent , 7 June
   Google Scholar
• Borger , Julian . 1995 . ‘UN Secretly Promised to End Air Strikes on Serbs in Return for Hostage Release’ . The Guardian , 22 June
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , John and Borger , Julian . 1995 . ‘NATO Anger at Hostage Trade‐Off” . The Guardian , 23 June
   Google Scholar
• 1961 . SC Res , 169 24 Nov. 1961
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , Andrew . 1995 . ‘Spectre of Withdrawal Closer’ . The Independent , 29 May
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , Lin . 1995 . ‘Bring Our Lads Home ‐ There's No Peace to Keep’ . The Times , 29 May
   Google Scholar
• Doyle , Leonard . 1995 . ‘Leadership Faces Indictment Over Breached Conventions’ . The Independent , 31 May
   Google Scholar
• Cornwell , Rupert . 1995 . ‘Clinton Aides Fear Humiliation of West by Serbs’ . The Independent , 29 May
   Google Scholar