778
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Is Christianity still the dominant religion in the United States?

Pages 143-160 | Received 09 May 2018, Accepted 12 May 2019, Published online: 26 Apr 2021

References

  • Antze, Emily. 2011. “Religious Fundamentalism, Political Power and the Colonization of Spirituality.” In Spirituality, Education & Society, edited by Njoki N. Wane, Energy L. Manyimo, and Eric J. Ritskes, 205–218. New York: Springer.
  • Baumgartner, Frank R., Jeffrey M. Berry, Marie Hojnacki, Beth L. Leech, and David C. Kimball. 2009. Lobbying and Policy Change: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Beck, Bernard. 2005. “Has Anybody Here Seen my Old Friend Jesus?: Christian Movies in a Christian Country.” Multicultural Perspectives 7 (1): 26–29.
  • Bergen, Wesley J. 2008. “The New Apocalyptic: Modern American Apocalyptic Fiction and its Ancient and Modern Cousins.” The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 20 (1): 1–16.
  • Bernal, Dolores Delgado, and Octavio Villalpando. 2002. “An Apartheid of Knowledge in Academia: The Struggle over the ‘Legitimate’ Knowledge of Faculty of Color.” Equity & Excellence in Education 35 (2): 169–180.
  • Blumenfeld, Warren J., and Kathryn Jaekel. 2012. “Exploring Levels of Christian Privilege Awareness among Preservice Teachers.” Journal of Social Issues 68 (1): 128–144.
  • Bolce, Louis, and Gerald De Maio. 1999. “The Anti-Christian Fundamentalist Factor in Contemporary Politics.” Public Opinion Quarterly 63 (4): 508–542.
  • Bourhis, Richard Y. 1994. “Power, Gender, and Intergroup Discrimination: Some Minimal Group Experiments.” In The Psychology of Prejudice: The Ontario Symposium, edited by Mark P. Zanna and James M. Olson, 171–208. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Bowman, Nicholas A., and Jenny L. Small. 2012. “Exploring a Hidden Form of Minority Status: College Students’ Religious Affiliation and Well-Being.” Journal of College Student Development 53 (4): 491–509.
  • Brown, Charles. 2012. “Selling Faith: Marketing Christian Popular Culture to Christian and non-Christian Audiences.” The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 24 (1): 113–129.
  • Buchmann, Claudia, and Thomas A. DiPrete. 2006. “The Growing Female Advantage in College Completion: The Role of Family Background and Academic Achievement.” American Sociological Review 71 (4): 515–541.
  • Bureau, U.S. Census. 2008. “American Community Survey.” Accessed 23 February 2021. https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/2008-american-community-survey-1-year-estimates
  • Camarota, Steven. 2012. Immigrants in the United States: A Profile of America’s Foreign-born Population. Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies.
  • Chao, Elaine L., and Philip L. Rones. 2007. Women in the Labor Force: A Databook. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, US Bureau of Labor Statistics.
  • DeNavas-Walt, Carmen. 2010. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States (2005). Derby, PA: Diane Publishing.
  • Diamond, Sara. 2000. Not by Politics Alone: The Enduring Influence of the Christian Right. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Dinges, William D. 1987. “Ritual Conflict as Social Conflict: Liturgical Reform in the Roman Catholic Church.” Sociological Analysis 48 (2): 138–157.
  • Dinges, William, Dean R. Hoge, Mary Johnson, and Juan L. Gonzales Jr. 1998. “A Faith Loosely Held.” Commonweal 125 (13): 13–18.
  • Duncan, Joseph R. J. 2002. “Privilege, Invincibility, and Religion: A Critique of the Privilege that Christianity has Enjoyed in the United States.” Alabama Law Review 54 (2): 617–638.
  • Edwards, Sachi. 2017. “Intergroup Dialogue & Religious Identity: Attempting to Raise Awareness of Christian Privilege & Religious Oppression.” Multicultural Education 24 (2): 18–24.
  • Eschholz, Sarah, Jana Bufkin, and Jenny Long. 2002. “Symbolic Reality Bites: Women and Racial/Ethnic Minorities in Modern Film.” Sociological Spectrum 22 (3): 299–334.
  • Evans, John H. 2002. “Polarization in Abortion Attitudes in US Religious Traditions, 1972–1998.” Sociological Forum 17 (3): 397–422.
  • Fahmy, Dalia. 2020. “8 Facts about Religion and Government in the United States.” Pew Research Center. Accessed 2 Febuary 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/07/16/8-facts-about-religion-and-government-in-the-united-states/
  • Fox, Ragan. 2013. “’Homo’-Work: Queering Academic Communication and Communicating Queer in Academia.” Text and Performance Quarterly 33 (1): 58–76.
  • Fraser, James W. 2016. Between Church and State: Religion and Public Education in a Multicultural America. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press.
  • Gates, Gary J. 2014. LGBT Demographics: Comparisons among Population-based Surveys. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute.
  • Giddings, Lynne S., and Judith K. Pringle. 2011. “Heteronormativity at Work: Stories from Two Lesbian Academics.” Women’s Studies Journal 25 (2): 91–100.
  • Gow, Joe. 1998. “Saving Souls and Selling CDs: The Mainstreaming of Christian Music Videos.” Journal of Popular Film and Television 25 (4): 183–188.
  • Gross, Neil, and Solon Simmons. 2009. “The Religiosity of American College and University Professors.” Sociology of Religion 70 (2): 101–129.
  • Gushue, George V., and Madonna G. Constantine. 2007. “Color-blind Racial Attitudes and White Racial Identity Attitudes in Psychology Trainees.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 38 (3): 321–328.
  • Harrington, Clayton, and Jaclyn Stanke. 2014. “A Force Overlooked: Mainline Churches’ Influence on American Civil Rights Movements since the Mid-twentieth Century.” Explorations: The Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities for the State of North Carolina 9: 1–13.
  • Heinz, Donald. 1983. “The Struggle to Define America.” In The New Christian Right: Moblization and Legitimation, edited by Robert C. Liebman and Robert Wuthnow, 133–149. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.
  • Hennesey, James J. 1983. American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hoge, Dean R. 2002. “Core and Periphery in American Catholic Identity.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 17 (3): 293–301.
  • Hrebenar, Ronald J., and Ruth K. Scott. 2015. Interest Group Politics in America. Boca Raton, FL: Routledge.
  • Hyers, Lauri L., and Conrad Hyers. 2008. “Everyday Discrimination Experienced by Conservative Christians at the Secular University.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 8 (1): 113–137.
  • Jacobs, Carly M., and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 2013. “Belonging in a ‘Christian Nation’: The Explicit and Implicit Associations between Religion and National Group Membership.” Politics and Religion 6 (2): 373–401.
  • Jenkins, Philip. 2003. The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Johnson, John J. 2014. “Christian Themes in the Heavy Metal Music of Black Sabbath?” Implicit Religion 17 (3): 321–335.
  • Johnson, Kirk A. 1991. “Objective News and Other Myths: The Poisoning of Young Black Minds.” The Journal of Negro Education 60 (3): 328–341.
  • Johnson, Megan K., Wade C. Rowatt, and Jordan P. LaBouff. 2012. “Religiosity and Prejudice Revisited: In-Group Favoritism, Out-Group Derogation, or Both?” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 4 (2): 154–168.
  • Kaleem, Jaweed. 2013. “U.S. Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Denominations Agree to Recognize Each Other’s Baptisms.” Huffington Post. Accessed 13 November 2018. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/29/catholic-protestant-baptism-recognize_n_2575915.htm
  • Katila, Saija, and Susan Merilainen. 1999. “A Serious Researcher or Just Another Nice Girl? Doing Gender in a Male-dominated Scientific Community.” Gender, Work & Organization 6 (3): 163–173.
  • Kendall, Diana. 2021. Sociology in our Times: The Essentials. 12th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
  • Kerr, Peter A. 2003. “The Framing of Fundamentalist Christians: Network Television News, 1980–2000.” Journal of Media and Religion 2 (4): 203–235.
  • Killen, Patricia O’Connell. 2000. “The Geography of a Minority Religion: Catholicism in the Pacific Northwest.” US Catholic Historian 18 (3): 51–71.
  • Knafle, June D. 2001. “Religions in Fiction for Junior and Senior High Students.” Reading Improvement 38 (1): 12–21.
  • Kosmin, Barry A., Ariela Keysar, Ryan Cragun, and Juhem Navarro-Rivera. 2009. American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population. A Report Based on the American Religious Identification Survey 2008. Hartford, CN: Trinity College.
  • Kozlovic, Anton Karl. 2007. “Sacred Cinema: Exploring Christian Sensibilities within Popular Hollywood Films.” Journal of Beliefs & Values 28 (2): 195–208.
  • Laeyendecker, Leo. 1998. “Secularization and the Unity of the RC Church.” In Secularization and Social Integration: Papers in Honor of Karel Dobbelaere, edited by Rudy Laermans, Bryan Wilson, and Jaak Billiet, 107–123. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
  • Lindsay, D. Michael. 2007. Faith in the Halls of Power: How Evangelicals Joined the American Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lugg, Catherine A., and Malila N. Robinson. 2009. “Religion, Advocacy Coalitions, and the Politics of US Public Schooling.” Educational Policy 23 (1): 242–266.
  • Masci, David. 2017. “Almost all U.S. Presidents, including Trump, have been Christians.” Pew Research Center. Accessed 17 May 2018. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/20/almost-all-presidents-have-been-christians/
  • McCarthy, Justin. 2015. “In U.S., Socialist Presidential Candidates Least Appealing.” Gallup. Accessed 17 May 2018. http://www.gallup.com/poll/183713/socialist-presidential-candidates-least-appealing.aspx
  • McGreevy, John T. 2004. Catholicism and American Freedom: A History. New York: WW Norton.
  • McIntyre, Alice. 1997. Making Meaning of Whiteness: Exploring Racial Identity with White Teachers. New York: SUNY Press.
  • McLemore, Dale. 1980. Racial and Ethnic Relations in America. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Medved, Michael. 2011. Hollywood vs. America: Popular Culture and the War on Tradition. New York: Harper Collins.
  • Mendes, Kaitlynn. 2012. “Feminism Rules! Now, Where’s my Swimsuit? Re-evaluating Feminist Discourse in Print Media 1968–2008.” Media, Culture & Society 34 (5): 554–570.
  • Miles, Margaret Ruth. 1997. Seeing and Believing: Religion and Values in the Movies. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Moberg, Marcus. 2007. “The Transnational Christian Metal Scene Expressing Alternative Christian Identity through a Form of Popular Music.” Inter: A European Cultural Studies Conference in Sweden, 11–13 June, Norrkopoing, Sweden.
  • Mollborn, Stefanie, and Bethany Everett. 2015. “Understanding the Educational Attainment of Sexual Minority Women and Men.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 41: 40–55.
  • Morley, Louise. 1996. “Interrogating Patriarchy: The Challenges of Feminist Research.” In Breaking Boundaries: Women in Higher Education, edited by Louise Morley and Val Walsh, 128–148. Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.
  • Murray, Terri. 2006. “Holywood: How the Religious Right is Reshaping the Movie Industry.” Tikkun 21 (1): 27–62.
  • Nelson, Robert L., and William P. Bridges. 1999. Legalizing Gender Inequality: Courts, Markets and Unequal Pay for Women in America. Vol. 16. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Noll, Mark A. 1992. A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
  • North, Louise. 2009. “Rejecting the ‘F-Word’: How ‘Feminism’ and ‘Feminists’ are Understood in the Newsroom.” Journalism 10 (6): 739–757.
  • Oliver, Melvin L., and Thomas M. Shapiro. 2006. Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge.
  • Olson, Roger E. 2008. How to be Evangelical without being Conservative. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
  • Parillo, Vincent N. 1990. Strangers to these Shores. New York: Macmillan.
  • Pew Research Center. 2015a. “America’s Changing Religious Landscape.” Accessed 23 February 2021. http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/income-distribution/
  • Pew Research Center. 2015b. “U.S. Religious Landscape Study.” Accessed 23 February 2021. http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/educational-distribution/
  • Pearl, Jonathan, and Judith Pearl. 1999. The Chosen Image: Television’s Portrayal of Jewish Themes and Characters. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
  • Phan, Peter C. 1998. “To be Catholic or Not to be: Is it Still the Question? Catholic Identity and Religious Education Today.” Horizons 25 (2): 159–180.
  • Plate, S. Brent. 2003. “Introduction: Filmmaking, Mythmaking, Culture Making.” In Representing Religion in World Cinema, edited by Brent Plate, 1–15. New York: Springer.
  • Radford, Will, and Matthias Gallé. 2015. “Roles for the Boys? Mining Cast Lists for Gender and Role Distributions over Time.” Paper presented to the 24th International Conference on the World Wide Web, Florence, Italy, May.
  • Resnick, David. 2011. “A Hollywood View of Christian Mis-education.” Religious Education 106 (1): 21–43.
  • Rios, Kimberly, Zhen Hadassah Cheng, Rebecca R. Totton, and Azim F. Shariff. 2015. “Negative Stereotypes Cause Christians to Underperform in and Disidentify with Science.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 6 (8): 959–967.
  • Sager, Rebecca. 2010. Faith, Politics, and Power: The Politics of Faith-based Initiatives. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Sandstrom, Aleksandra. 2017. “Faith on the Hill.” Pew Research Center. Accessed 17 May 2018. http://www.pewforum.org/2017/01/03/faith-on-the-hill-115/
  • Schlosser, Lewis Z. 2003. “Christian Privilege: Breaking a Sacred Taboo.” Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 31 (1): 44–51.
  • Schulz, Scott Andrew. 2005. “The Big Chill: Are Campuses Turning a Cold Shoulder to Religious Students?” Religion & Education 32 (2): 31–45.
  • Scott, David A., and Tracy L. Robinson. 2001. “White Male Identity Development: The Key Model.” Journal of Counseling & Development 79 (4): 415–421.
  • Simoni, Jane M., and Karina L. Walters. 2001. “Heterosexual Identity and Heterosexism: Recognizing Privilege to Reduce Prejudice.” Journal of Homosexuality 41 (1): 157–172.
  • Simpson, Jacob. 2016. “Watchmen.” Journal of Religion & Film 13 (1): Article 26.
  • Skill, Thomas, James D. Robinson, John S. Lyons, and David Larson. 1994. “The Portrayal of Religion and Spirituality on Fictional Network Television.” Review of Religious Research 35 (3): 251–267.
  • Smith, David. 2011. “Drawing the Boundaries of American Christianity: The Causes of Contemporary Political Anti-Mormonism.” Accessed 23 Februray 2021. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1914264
  • Smith, Stacy L., Marc Choueiti, and Stephanie Gall. 2011. Gender Inequality in Popular Films: Examing on Screen Portrayals and Behind-the-Scenes Employment Patterns in Motion Pictures Released between 2007–2009. Los Angeles, CA: School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California.
  • Stanley, Liz. 2013. “Feminist Praxis and the Academic Mode of Production.” Feminist Praxis (RLE Feminist Theory): Research, Theory and Epistemology in Feminist Sociology 1 (1): 3–19.
  • Taylor, Mark Lewis. 2005. Religion, Politics, and the Christian Right: Post-9/11 Powers and American Empire. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
  • Tobin, Gary A., and Aryeh Kaufmann Weinberg. 2007. Religious Beliefs & Behavior of College Faculty. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Jewish & Community Research.
  • Trammell, Jim Y. 2014. “The Grandest, Most Compelling Story of All Time: Dominant Themes of Christian Media Marketing.” The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 26 (1): 23–35.
  • Twine, France Winddance, and Jonathan W. Warren. 2000. Racing Research, Researching Race: Methodological Dilemmas in Critical Race Studies. New York: NYU Press.
  • Wald, Kenneth D., and Allison Calhoun-Brown. 2014. Religion and Politics in the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Wald, Kenneth D., Dennis E. Owen, and Samuel S. Hill Jr. 1990. “Political Cohesion in Churches.” The Journal of Politics 52 (1): 197–215.
  • Weitzman, Lenore J. 1985. The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America. New York: The Free Press.
  • Wilcox, W. Bradford. 2004. Soft Patriarchs, New Men: How Christianity Shapes Fathers and Husbands. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Wilde, Melissa J., and Sabrina Danielsen. 2014. “Fewer and Better Children: Race, Class, Religion, and Birth Control Reform in America.” American Journal of Sociology 119 (6): 1710–1760.
  • Wolffe, John. 1994. “Anti-Catholicism and Evangelical Identity in Britain and the United States, 1830–1860.” In Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies in Popular Protestantism in North America, The British Isles and Beyond, 1700–1990, edited by David Williams Bebbington, Mark A. Noll, and George A. Rawlyk, 179–197. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Wuthnow, Robert. 1988. The Restructuring of American Religion: Society and Faith since World War II. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Yancey, George. 2011. Compromising Scholarship: Religious and Political Bias in American Higher Education. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
  • Yancey, George. 2017. “Christian Fundamentalists or Atheists: Who do Progressive Christians Like or Hate More?” Journal of Religion and Society 19: 1–25.
  • Yancey, George. 2018. “Has Society Grown More Hostile towards Conservative Christians? Evidence from ANES Surveys.” Review of Religious Research 60 (1): 71–94.
  • Yancey, George, and Alicia L. Brunson. 2018. Prejudice in the Press? Investigating Bias in Coverage of Race, Gender, Sexuality and Religion. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
  • Yancey, George, Sam Reimer, and Jake O’Connell. 2015. “How Academics View Conservative Protestants.” Sociology of Religion 76 (3): 315–336.
  • Yancey, George, and David Williamson. 2014. So Many Christians, So Few Lions: Is there Christianophobia in the United States? Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.