Technological development of microemulsions with perspectives for pain treatment: a patent review

References

• Danielsson I, Lindman B. The definition of microemulsion. Colloids Surf. 1981;3:391–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzopoulos MH, Eastoe J, Dowding PJ, et al. Cylinder to sphere transition in reverse microemulsions: the effect of hydrotropes. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2013;392:304–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence MJ, Rees GD. Microemulsion-based media as novel drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2000;45:89–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsou E, Tavantzis G, Sotiroudis G, et al. Food grade water-in-oil microemulsions as replacement of oil phaseto help process and stabilization of whipped cream. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2016;510:69–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe V, Nascimento DS, Insausti M, et al. Octyl p-methoxycinnamate loaded microemulsion based on ocimum basilicum essential oil. Characterization and analytical studies for potential cosmetic applications. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp. 2018;546:285–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasceno BPGL, Silva JÁ, Oliveira EE, et al. Microemulsão: um promissor carreador paramoléculas insolúveis. Rev ciênc farm básica apl. 2011;32(1):9–18.
   Google Scholar
• Callender SP, Mathews JA, Kobernyk K, et al. Microemulsion utility in pharmaceuticals: implications for multi-drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2017;526:425–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur G, Mehta SK. Developments of polysorbate (Tween) based microemulsions: preclinical drug delivery, toxicity and antimicrobial applications. Int J Pharm. 2017;529:134–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sindhu P, Kumara S, Iqbal B, et al. Duloxetine loaded-microemulsion system to improve behavioral activities by upregulating serotonin and norepinephrine in brain for the treatment of depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;99:83–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Song J, Tian N, et al. Improving oral bioavailability of metformin hydrochloride using water-in-oil microemulsions and analysis of phase behavior after dilution. Int J Pharm. 2014;473:316–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren X, Svirskis D, Alany RG, et al. In-situ phase transition from microemulsion to liquid crystal with the potential of prolonged parenteral drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2012;431:130–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma G, Dhankar G, Thakur K, et al. Benzyl benzoate-loaded microemulsion for topical applications: enhanced dermatokinetic profile and better delivery promises. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2016;17:1221–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho ALM, Silva JA, Lira AAM, et al. Evaluation of microemulsion and lamellar liquid crystalline systems for transdermal zidovudine delivery. J Pharm Sci. 2016;105:188–2193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkrad J, Talhouni AA. In vivo and in vitro study of transdermal application of diclofenac sodium using nonionic microemulsions as colloidal drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2018;43(27–33):2018.
   Google Scholar
• Mulla JAS, Mabrouk M, Choonara YE, et al. Development of respirable rifampicin-loaded nano-lipomer composites by microemulsion-spray drying for pulmonary delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2017;41:13–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidich N, Aserin A, Garti N. Structural characteristics of oil-poor dilutable fish oil omega-3 microemulsions for ophthalmic applications. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;463:83–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Michniak-Kohn B. Investigation of microemulsion and microemulsion gel formulations for dermal delivery of clotrimazole. Int J Pharm. 2018;536:345–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fonseca-Santos B, Chorilli M. An overview of polymeric dosage forms in buccal drug delivery: state of art, design of formulations and their in vivo performance evaluation. Mater Sci Eng C. 2018;86:129–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachhav YG, Patravale VB. Microemulsion based vaginal gel of fluconazole: formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm. 2009;365:175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sintov AC. Transdermal delivery of curcumin via microemulsion. Int J Pharm. 2015;481:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathout RM, Nasr M. Transdermal delivery of betahistine hydrochloride using microemulsions: physical characterization, biophysical assessment, confocal imaging and permeation studies. Colloids Surf B. 2013;110:254–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghimipour E, Salimi A, Eftekhari S. Design and characterization of microemulsion systems for naproxen. Adv Pharm Bull. 2013;3(1):63–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trivedi H, Thakur R, Ray S, et al. Design and evaluation of piroxicam microemulsion. Int J Pharm Res Scholars. 2012;1:166–177.
   Google Scholar
• Dehghani F, Farhadian F, Golmohammadzadeh S, et al. Preparation, characterization and in-vivo evaluation of microemulsions containing tamoxifen citrate anti-cancer drug. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017;96:479–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YT, Li Z, Zhang K, et al. Co-delivery of evodiamine and rutaecarpine in a microemulsion-based hyaluronic acid hydrogel for enhanced analgesic effects on mouse pain models. Int J Pharm. 2017;528:100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestrelli F, Bragagni M, Mura P. Advanced formulations for improving therapies with anti-inflammatory or anaesthetic drugs: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2016;32:192–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineros I, Slowing K, Serrano D, et al. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory controlled-released injectable microemulsion: pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017;101:220–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Q, Davidson PM, Zhong Q. Antimicrobial properties of microemulsions formulated with essential oils, soybean oil, and Tween 80. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;226:20–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronchetti S, Migliorati G, Delfino DV. Association of inflammatory mediators with pain perception. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;96:1445–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabregat-Cid G, Asensio-Samper JM, Villanueva-Pérez V, et al. Manejo perioperatorio del dolor en el paciente en tratamiento crónico con opiáceos. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2011;58:25–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dale R, Stacey B. Multimodal treatment of chronic pain. Med Clin North Am. 2016;100:55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Porras BC, Plancarte-Sánchez R, Alarcón-Barrios S, et al. Síndrome doloroso regional complejo: revisión. Cir Cir. 2017;85:366–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Já S, Santana DP, Bedor DGC, et al. In vitro release and permeation of a diclofenac diethylamine from microemulsion gel-like. Quim Nova. 2009;32(6):1389–1393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larm MG, Harding R, Johnston M, et al. Microemulsion e sub-micron emulsion process e compositions. US20150258023. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Fanun M. Microemulsions as delivery systems. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2012;17:306–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froelich A, Osmałek T, Snela A, et al. Novel microemulsion-based gels for topical delivery of indomethacin: formulation, physicochemical properties and in vitro drug release studies. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;507:323–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premarathne EPN, Karunaratne DN, Perera ADLC. Controlled release of diclofenac sodium in glycolipid incorporated micro emulsions. Int J Pharm. 2016;511:890–898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu CH, Chang FY, Hung DK. Terpene microemulsions for transdermal curcumin delivery: effects of terpenes and cosurfactants. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2011;82:63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larm MG, Harding R. Microemulsion process and composition. US20060057168. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Salamone JC, Chen X, Salamone AB, et al. Delivery of biologically-active agents using volatile, hydrophobic solvents. US20140127320. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Füredi P, Pápay Z, Kovács K, et al. Development and characterization of the voriconazole loaded lipid-based nanoparticles. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2017;132:184–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-López E, Espina M, Doktorovova S, et al. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC): overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye – part II - ocular drug-loaded lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2017;110:58–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magdassi S, Netivi H, Goshen K. Organic nanoparticles obtained from microemulsions by solvent evaporation. US20110021592 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Salabat A, Nabiyouni G, Far MR. Effect of platinum precursor on the nanoparticle size synthesized in microemulsion system. J Exp Nanosci. 2011;6:305–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salabat A, Soleimani S. Ultrasonic irradiation and solvent effects on destabilization of the colloidal suspensions of platinum nanoparticles. Particuology. 2014;17:145–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soleimani S, Salabat A, Tabor RF. Effect of surfactant type on platinum nanoparticles size of the synthesized Pt/-Al2O3 catalyst by microemulsion method. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2014;426:287–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tianimoghadama S, Salabat A. A microemulsion method for preparation of thiol-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Particuology. 2018;37:33–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang A, et al. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from microemulsions in a flow type microreactor. Chem Eng J. 2014;235:191–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagavifar M, Jang SH, Chang L, et al. Controlling the composition, phase volume, and viscosity of microemulsions with cosolvent. Fuel. 2018;211:214–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiappisi L, Noirez L, Gradzielski M. A journey through the phase diagram of a pharmaceutically relevant microemulsion system. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;473:52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer V, Marcus J, Touraud D, et al. Toward surfactant-free and water-free microemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2015;453:186–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucia A, Argudo PG, Guzmán E, et al. Formation of surfactant free microemulsions in the ternary system water/eugenol/ethanol. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2017;521:133–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou W, Xu J. Surfactant-free microemulsions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;25:67–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seok S, Lee S, Park E. Formulation of a microemulsion-based hydrogel containing celecoxib. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2018;43:409–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes LB, Vandewall H, Li HT, et al. Topical delivery of lycopene using microemulsions: enhanced skin penetration and tissue antioxidant activity. J Pharm Sci. 2010;99:1346–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Xue M, Gu J, et al. Transdermal microemulsion drug delivery system for impairing male reproductive toxicity and enhancing efficacy of tripterygium wilfordii hook F. Fitoterapia. 2012;83:690–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang A, Chen L, Xu F, et al. Phase behavior of epoxidized soybean oil-based ionic liquid microemulsions: effects of ionic liquids, surfactants, and co-surfactants. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2015;481:500–505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharifi-Rad J, Sureda A, Tenore GC, et al. Biological activities of essential oils: from plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules. 2017;22:1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kejlová K, Jírová D, Bendová H, et al. Phototoxicity of essential oils intended for cosmetic use. Toxicol In Vitro. 2010;24:2084–2089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khayyat SA, Roselin LS. Recent progress in photochemical reaction on main components of some essential oils. J Saudi Chem Soc. 2018. In press.
   Google Scholar
• El-Zaeddi H, Martínez-Tomé J, Calín-Sánchez A, et al. Volatile composition of essential oils from different aromatic herbs grown in mediterranean regions of Spain. Foods. 2016;5:41–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanggu K. Sugar-based surfactant microemulsions containing essential oils for cosmetic and pharmaceutical use. US20130237613. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Maciel MAM, Medeiros ML, Araújo-Filho I, et al. Formulados a base de óleo de copaíba biodisponibilizados para uso oral e tópico associado com aplicações terapêuticas na analgesia, inflamação e cicatrização. BR1020170148009. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Lisheng W, Hongying S, Wenqiang B, et al. Tripterygium wilfordii-caulis sinomenii microemulsion gel and preparation method thereof. CN104306447. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Costa M, Ferreira K, Botosso P, et al. Growth analysis of five leguminosae native tree species from a seasonal semidecidual lowland forest in Brazil. Dendrochronologia. 2015;36:23–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves ES, Silva JR, Gomes CL, et al. Effects of the oral treatment with Copaifera multijuga oil on reproductive performance of male wistar rats. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2014;24(3):355–362.
   Google Scholar
• Gomes NM, Rezende CM, Fontes SP, et al. Characterization of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of fractions obtained from Copaifera multijuga Hayne. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128:177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa JC, Valladão GMR, Pala G, et al. Copaifera duckei oleoresin as a novel alternative for treatment of monogenean infections in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Aquaculture. 2017;471:72–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos AO, Costa MA, Ueda-Nakamura T, et al. Leishmania amazonensis: effects of oral treatment with copaiba oil in mice. Exp Parasitol. 2011;129:145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraiva ME, Ulisses AVRA, Ribeiro DA, et al. Plant species as a therapeutic resource in areas of the savanna in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;171:141–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelmini F, Beretta G, Anselmi C, et al. GC–MS profiling of the phytochemical constituents of the oleoresin from Copaifera langsdorffii desf. and a preliminary in vivo evaluation of its antipsoriatic effect. Int J Pharm. 2013;440:170–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa-Machado ARM, Bastos JK, Freitas LAP. Dynamic maceration of Copaifera langsdorffii leaves: A technological study using fractional factorial design. Braz J Pharmacog. 2013;23:79–85.
   Google Scholar
• Santos HM, Oliveira DF, Carvalho DA, et al. Evaluation of native and exotic Brazilian plants for anticancer activity. J Nat Med. 2010;64:231–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batista AG, Ferrari AS, Cunha DC, et al. Polyphenols, antioxidants, and antimutagenic effects of Copaifera langsdorffii fruit. Food Chem. 2016;197:1153–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Li F, Gao W. Tripterygium wilfordii inhibiting angiogenesis for Rheumatoid arthritis treatment. J Natl Med Assoc. 2017;109:142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Zu Y, Huang L, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with combination of methotrexate and Tripterygium wilfordii: a meta-analysis. Life Sci. 2017;171:45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Xue M, Gu J, et al. Transdermal microemulsion drug delivery system for impairing male reproductive toxicity and enhancing efficacy of tripterygium wilfordii hook. Fitoterapia. 2012;83:690–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Rangela RD, González-Muñoza MP, Avila-Rodrigueza M, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in oil-in-water microemulsion and nano-emulsion using geranium leaf aqueous extract as a reducing agent. Colloids Surf A. 2018;536:60–67.
   Google Scholar
• Biruss B, Kahlig H, Valenta C. Evaluation of an eucalyptus oil containing topical drug delivery system for selected steroid hormones. Int J Pharm. 2007;328:142–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alles S, Smith PA. Etiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Rev. 2018;70(2):315–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch MN, Cushing TR, Carlson GD, et al. Neuropathic pain and SCI: identification and treatment strategies in the 21st century. J Neurol Sci. 2018;384:75–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badri W, Miladi K, Nazari Q, et al. Encapsulation of NSAIDs for inflammation management: overview, progress, challenges and prospects. Int J Pharm. 2016;515:757–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Tabakha M. Encapsulation of ketoprofen for controlled drug release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007;66:48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffleur F, Hintzen F, Shahnaz G, et al. Development and in vitro evaluation of slippery nanoparticles for enhanced diffusion through native mucus. Nanomedicine. 2014;9:387–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liuzzi R, Carciati A, Guido S, et al. Transport efficiency in transdermal drug delivery: what is the role of fluid microstructure? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2016;139:294–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyo WY, Min CS Transdermal patch for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(s). GB2362825 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Chandra A, Sharma PK. Microemulsion. IN274/DEL/2008. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenberger LM, Shiqiang T. Oil-based nsaid compositions and methods for making and using same. US20100173876. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Jose FF. O papel dos anti-inflamatórios não hormonais no tratamento da dor musculoesquelética. J Bras Med. 2014;102:5.
   Google Scholar
• Grim TW, Ghosh S, Hsu KL, et al. Combined inhibition of FAAH and COX produces enhanced anti-allodynic effects in mouse neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014;124:405–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Komatsu T, Zor F, et al. (128): sustained analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of single dose COX-2 inhibiting nonomedicine in a murine inflammatory pain model. J Pain. 2018;19:s9.
   Google Scholar
• Dogrul A, Seyrek M, Akgul E, et al. Systemic paracetamol-induced analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects through activation of descending serotonergic pathways involving spinal 5-HT(7) receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;677:93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca-Vinardell A, Berrocoso E, Llorca-Torralba M, et al. Involvement of 5-HT1A/1B receptors in the antinociceptive effect of paracetamol in the rat formalin test. Neurobiol Pain. 2018;3:15–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• St-Jacques B, Ma W. Peripheral prostaglandin E2 prolongs the sensitization of nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons possibly by facilitating the synthesis and anterograde axonal trafficking of EP4 receptors. Exp Neurol. 2014;261:354–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusaro MGCO, Silva AP, Araldi D, et al. P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors mediate mechanical hyperalgesia induced by bradykinin, but not by pro-inflammatory cytokines, PGE2 or dopamine. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;649:177–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakeri A, Yazdi FG. Toll-like receptor-mediated involvement of innate immune cells in asthma disease. Biochim Biophys. 2017;1861:3270–3277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cioato SG, Medeiros LF, Marques-Filho PR, et al. Long-lasting effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in the reversal of hyperalgesia and cytokine alterations induced by the neuropathic pain model. Brain Stimul. 2016;9:209–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabelo TK, Guimarães AG, Oliveira MA, et.al. Shikimic acid inhibits LPS-induced cellular pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuates mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016;39:97–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber-Schoffnegger D, Drdla-Schutting R, Honigsperger C, et al. Induction of thermal hyperalgesia and synaptic long-term potentiation in the spinal cord lamina I by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta is mediated by glial cells. J Neurosci. 2013;33:6540–6551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun C, Zhang J, Chen L, et al. IL-17 contributed to the neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury by promoting astrocyte proliferation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15:89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Li F, Li WW, et al. The inflammasome as a target for pain therapy. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117:693–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari LF, Lotufo CM, Araldi D, et al. Inflammatory sensitization of nociceptors depends on activation of NMDA receptors in DRG satellite cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111:18363–18368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niesters M, Dahan A. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for NMDA receptor antagonists in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012;8:1409–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radwani H, Roca-Lapirot O, Aby F, et al. [EXPRESS] group I metabotropic glutamate receptor plasticity after peripheral inflammation alters nociceptive transmission in the dorsal of the spinal cord in adult rats. Mol Pain. 2017;13:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MJ, Park YH, Yang KY, et al. Participation of central GABAA receptors in the trigeminal processing of mechanical allodynia in rats. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;21:65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccinelli AC, Morato PN, Barbosa MS, et al. Limonene reduces hyperalgesia induced by gp120 and cytokines by modulation of IL-1 β and protein expression in spinal cord of mice. Life Sci. 2017;174:28–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan J, Noboru N, Imamura Y, et al. Effect of pregabalin and diclofenac on tactile allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia and pro inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-1β) induced by chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve in rats. Cytokine. 2018;104:124–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers J, Wielage RC, Han B, et al. The efficacy of duloxetine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids in osteoarthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita I, Okumura T, Sakakibara A, et al. Involvement of inflammation in severe post-operative pain demonstrated by pre-surgical and post-surgical treatment with piroxicam and ketorolac, J. Pharm Pharmacol. 2012;64(5):747–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Bah M. NSAIDs in the treatment of postoperative pain. Curr Pain Headache. 2016;20:62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda HF, Sierralta F, Aranda N, et al. Pharmacological profile of dexketoprofen in orofacial pain. Pharmacol Rep. 2016;68:1111–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dym H, Bowler D, Zeidan J. Pharmacologic treatment for temporomandibular disorders. Dent Clin North Am. 2016;60:367–379.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abbas AM, Ali SS, Salem MN, et al. Effect of oral ketoprofen on pain perception during copper IUD insertion among parous women: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2018. In Press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serinken M, Eken C, Tunay K, et al. Ketoprofen gel improves low back pain in addition to IV dexketoprofen: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34:1458–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaramillo-Morales OA, Espinosa-Juárez JV, García-Martínez BA, et al. Ketoprofen and antinociception in hypo-oestrogenic wistar rats fed on a high sucrose diet. Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;788:168–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim MA, Abdelzaher WY, Rofaeil RR, et al. Efficacy and safety of combined low doses of either diclofenac or celecoxib with gabapentin versus their single high dose in treatment of neuropathic pain in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;100:267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima TC, Bagordakis E, Falci SGM, et al. Pre-emptive effect of dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium associated with codeine on pain, swelling, and trismus after third molar surgery: a split-mouth, randomized, triple-blind, controlled clinical trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76:60–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenberger LM. Compositions comprising lecithin oils and NSAIDs for protecting the gastrointestinal tract and providing enhanced therapeutic activity. US20150011507. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Campoverde KC, Giner-Munoz MT, Valdez LM, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and tolerance to alternative drugs. An Pediatr (Barc). 2016;84:148–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnason I, Scarpignato C, Holmgren E, et al. Mechanisms of damage to the gastrointestinal tract from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterol. 2018;154:500–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco-Zamora JA, Gómez-Reyes E, Uscanga L. Are the clinical guideline recommendations on gastroprotection being followed? A review in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2016;81:121–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez FB, Núñez CG, Mas MT, et al. Criterios para la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori. FMC. 2018;25:43–53.
   Google Scholar
• Raut S, Bhadoriya SS, Uplanchiwar V, et al. Lecithin organogel: a unique micellar system for the delivery of bioactive agents in the treatment of skin aging. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2012;2(1):8–15.
   Google Scholar
• Ehehalt R, Braun A, Karner M, et al. Phosphatidylcholine as a constituent in the colonic mucosal barrier—physiological and clinical relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1801:983–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson A, Diebel LN, Liberati DM. Exogenous phosphatidylcholine supplementation improves intestinal barrier defense against Clostridium difficile toxin. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77:570–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran-Valero MI, Ruiz-Henestrosa VMP, Pilosof AR. Synergistic performance of lecithin and glycerol monostearate in oil/water emulsions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2017;151:68–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Shi Y, Tu Z, et al. Influence of soy lecithin concentration on the physical properties of whey protein isolate-stabilized emulsion and microcapsule formation. J Food Eng. 2017;207:73–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riehm DA, Rokke DJ, Paul PG, et al. Dispersion of oil into water using lecithin-Tween 80 blends: the role of spontaneous emulsification. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;487:52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissim G, Aserin A, Kogan A. Microemulsion comprising carbamazepine having solubility. WO/2006/061827. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Lu DR, Shawer M. Artificial lipoprotein carrier system for bioactive materials. US20040234588. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ekwuribe NN, Ramaswamy M, Radhakrishnan B, et al. Hydrophilic and lipophilic balanced microemulsion formulations of free-form and/or conjugation-stabilized therapeutic agents such as insulin. US6191105. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Lin YH, Tsai MJ, Fang YP, et al. Microemulsion formulation design and evaluation for hydrophobic compound: catechin topical application. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2018;161:121–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petchsangsai M, Rojanarata T, Opanasopit P, et al. The combination of microneedles with electroporation and sonophoresis to enhance hydrophilic macromolecule skin penetration. Biol Pharm Bull. 2014;37(8):1373–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azeem A, Khan ZI, Aqil M, et al. Microemulsions as a surrogate carrier for dermal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2009;35:535–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupper S, Kłosowska-Chomiczewska I, Szumała P. Collagen and hyaluronic acid hydrogel in water-in-oil microemulsion delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;175:347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todosijevi MN, Savi MM, Batini BB, et al. Biocompatible microemulsions of a model NSAID for skin delivery: A decisive role of surfactants in skin penetration/irritation profiles and pharmacokinetic performance. Int J Pharm. 2015;496:931–941.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnikol-Keuten D, Gulik D. Medicament and System for the Percutaneous Preparation of Medicaments. CH20130315969. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Xu J, Liu X, Pang M. Numerical and experimental studies on transport properties of powder ejector based on double venturi effect. Vacuum. 2016;134:92–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji D, Zhang M, Xu T, et al. Experimental and numerical studies of the jet tube based on venture effect. Vacuum. 2015;111:25–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlucci MJ, Damonte EB, Scolaro LA. Virus driven evolution: A probable explanation for “Similia Similibus Curantur” philosophy. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11:798–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira MZ. New homeopathic medicines: use of modern drugs according to the principle of similitude. Homeopathy. 2011;100:244–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner KS, Zhang J. Gelled emulsion and microemulsion formulations for dermal drug delivery. US20050266085. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz J, Klang V, Hoppel M, et al. Natural microemulsions: formulation design and skin interaction. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2012;81:557–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardhan S, Kundu K, Saha SK, et al. Physicochemical studies of mixed surfactant microemulsions with isopropyl myristate as oil. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2013;402:180–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathout RM, Woodman TJ, Mansour S, et al. Microemulsion formulations for the transdermal delivery of testosterone. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2010;40(3):188–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehia R, Hathout RM, Attia DA, et al. Antitumor efficacy of an integrated methyl dihydrojasmonate transdermal microemulsion system for breast cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2017;155:512–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casalengua MLT, Holgado Js DÍAZMBH, Peña MPA. Uso de opioides en pacientes con dolor crónico. Terapéutica em APS. 2016;23:607–616.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Aller M, Guillarme D, Veuthey J, et al. Strategies for formulating and delivering poorly water-soluble drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2015;30:342–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar