Australia's “Other” Gender Wage Gap: Baby Boomers and Compulsory Superannuation Accounts

REFERENCES

• Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia 2004 Australian Superannuation Tax Arrangements Compared with Other Countries. Sydney: Association of Superannuation Funds. On-line. Available http://www.superannuation.asn.au/super/Factsheet2004_2.pdf (accessed June 30, 2004)
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997 – 2002 Labour Force Australia Catalogue 6203. 0 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics 2000 Superannuation Australia: Coverage and Financial Characteristics: April to June 2000, Catalogue 6360. 0 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Average Weekly Earning Australia Catalogue 6302. 0 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002 Marriages and Divorces Australia Catalogue 3310. 0 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics
   Google Scholar
• Bajtelsmit , Vickie L , Bernasek , Alexandra and Jianakoplos , Nancy A . 1999 . Gender Differences in Defined Contribution Pension Decisions. . Financial Services Review , 8 ( 1999 ) : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Bateman Hazel Kingston Geoffrey Piggott John 2001 Forced Saving: Mandating Private Retirement Incomes Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Bergmann Barbara R 1982 The Housewife and Social Security Reform: A Feminist Perspective, in Richard V Burkhauser and Karen C. Holden, eds. A Challenge to Social Security: The Changing Roles of Women and Men in American Society, pp. 229 – 33, Toronto: Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• Bernasek , Alexander and Schwiff , Stephanie . 2001 . Gender, Risk, and Retirement. . Journal of Economic Issues , 35 ( 2 ) : 345 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolle , Patrick . 2000 . Pension Reform: What the Debate Is About. . International Labour Review , 139 ( 2 ) : 197 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown Colin 1994 The Distribution of Private Sector Superannuation by Gender, Age, and Salary of Members. Retirement Income Modelling Task Force Conference Paper 94/2, Canberra
   Google Scholar
• Bruce , Ellen A . 1999 . The Application of Unisex Annuity Tables to Retirement Plans. . Journal of Aging and Social Policy , 11 ( 1 ) : 27 – 38 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butrica , Barbara and Iams , Howard M . 2000 . Divorced Women at Retirement: Projections of Economic Well-Being in the Near Future. . Social Security Bulletin , 63 ( 6 ) : 3 – 12 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Condon , Mary . 2001 . Gendering the Pension Promise in Canada: Risk, Financial Markets, and Neoliberalism. . Social and Legal Studies , 10 ( 1 ) : 83 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Family and Community Services 1999 Income Support Customers: A Statistical Overview 1999 Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia
   Google Scholar
• Department of Family and Community Services 2001 Income and Support Related Statistics: A Ten Year Compendium, 1989 – 1999 Department of Family and Community Services Occasional Paper No 1, Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia
   Google Scholar
• DeViney , Stanley and Crew Solomon , Jennifer . 1995 . Gender Differences in Retirement Income: A Comparison of Theoretical Explanations. . Journal of Women and Aging , 7 ( 4 ) : 83 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewar John Sheehan Grania Hughes Jody 1999 Superannuation and Divorce in Australia. Australian Institute of Family Studies Working Paper 18, Melbourne
   Google Scholar
• Donath Susan 1998 The Continuing Problem of Women's Retirement Income, presented at the 7th Australian Women's Studies Association Conference, April 16 – 18, University of South Australia
   Google Scholar
• Economic Planning and Advisory Council (EPAC) 1994 Women and Superannuation: Selected Seminar Papers: EPAC Background Paper No. 41 Canberra: Economic Planning and Advisory Council and Office for the Status of Women
   Google Scholar
• Feurbach , Eileen J and Erdwins , Carol J . 1994 . Women Retirement: The Influence of Work History. . Journal of Women and Aging , 6 ( 3 ) : 69 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher Phil 2001 Challenges of the Past, Present, and Future: Women and Retirement Income. Paper presented to the Economic Policy Summit, September 7, University of New South Wales,
   Google Scholar
• Gallery , Natalie , Brown , Kerry and Gallery , Gerry . 1996 . Privatising the Pension. . Journal of Australian Political Economy , 38 : 98 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Gee , Susan , Hung Ng , Sik , Weatherall , Ann , Liu , Jim , Leong , Cynthia and Higgins , Te Ripowai . 2002 . Savings Ourselves: Gender Issues in Making Provision for One's Own Retirement. . Australasian Journal on Ageing , 21 ( 1 ) : 30 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillion Colin Turner John Bailey Clive Latulippe Denis eds 2000 Social Security Pensions: Development and Reform Geneva: International Labour Organization
   Google Scholar
• Ginn , Jay and Arber , Sarah . 1999 . Changing Patterns of Pension Inequality: The Shift from State to Private Resources. . Ageing and Society , 19 : 319 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregoire , Thomas K , Kilty , Dieth and Richardson , Virginia . 2002 . Gender and Racial Inequities in Retirement Resources. . Journal of Women and Aging , 14 ( 3/4 ) : 25 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock , Keith . 1981 . The Economics of Retirement Provision in Australia. . Economic Papers , 20 ( 36 ) : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Harrington Meyer Madonna 1990 Family Status and Poverty Among Older Women: The Gender Distribution of Retirement Income in the United States.” Social Problems 37 551 63
   Google Scholar
• Himmelweit , Susan . 2002 . Making Visible the Hidden Economy: The Case for Gender Impact Analysis of Economic Policy. . Feminist Economics , 8 ( 1 ) : 40 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden , Karen C and Daphne Kuo , Hsiang-Hui . 1996 . Complex Marital Histories and Economic Well Being: The Continuing Legacy of Divorce and Widowhood as the HRS Cohort Approaches Retirement. . The Gerontologist , 36 ( 3 ) : 383 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson , Therese and Preston , Alison . 2003 . Bargaining for Welfare: Gender Consequences of Australia's Dual Welfare Model. . Australian Bulletin of Labour , 29 ( 1 ) : 76 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , Rosemary . 1997 . Superannuation and the Marketisation of Retirement Incomes. . Labour and Industry , 8 ( 1 ) : 57 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly Simon Harding Ann Percival Richard 2002 Projecting the Impact of Changes in Superannuation Policy: A Microsimulation Approach. Presented at the 10th Annual Colloquium of Superannuation Researchers, July 8 – 9, 2002
   Google Scholar
• King Anthony 2001 Superannuation – The Right Balance. CPA Australia, http://www.cpaaustralia.com.au (accessed July 2003)
   Google Scholar
• King Anthony Bækgaard Hans Harding Ann 1999 Australian Retirement Incomes. National Centre for Economic Modelling Discussion Paper No. 29, NATSEM, University of Canberra
   Google Scholar
• King Anthony Bækgaard Hans Harding Ann Walker Agnes Harding Ann 1999 Social Security, Ageing, and Income Distribution in Australia. National Centre for Applied Economic Modelling Discussion Paper No. 58, NATSEM, University of Canberra
   Google Scholar
• Koh , Sun-Kang , Winter , Mary , Morrise , Earl W , Gutkowska , Krystyna and Jeżewska-Zcyhowcz , Marzena . 2001 . Gender and Productive and Retirement Incomes in Poland in the Initial Stages of Transformation. . East European Quarterly , 35 ( 1 ) : 59 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Larkin John 1994 Occupational Link: Eligibility and the Two Year Rule, in Economic Planning and Advisory Council and Office for the Status of Women. Women and Superannuation: Selected Seminar Papers EPAC Background Paper No. 41, Economic Planning and Advisory Council and Office for the Status of Women, Canberra
   Google Scholar
• Maloney , Geoff , Marshall , Justin , McConnell , Anne , Elliot , Julie , Banks , Alastair and Hausknecht , Peggy . 2000 . Retirement Incomes of Women Who Divorce. . Australian Social Policy , 2000 ( 1 ) : 3 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald Peter Baxter Janeen Jones Frank Mitchell Deborah 2000 Negotiating the Life Course 1997 [computer file]. Canberra. Social Science Data Archives, The Australian National University
   Google Scholar
• Miller , Paul . 1982 . The Rate of Return to Education. . Australian Economic Review , 59 ( 3 ) : 23 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , Leslie A . 2000 . The Continuing Gender Gap in Later Life Economic Security. . Journal of Aging and Social Policy , 11 ( 2/3 ) : 157 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsberg Diana 2001 Women and Retirement Savings – Ways Forward? Lessons from Overseas Initiatives and Proposed Australian Strategies.” Presented to the Economic Policy Summit, University of New South Wales, September 7
   Google Scholar
• Owen , Mary . 1984 . Superannuation was Not Meant for Women. . The Australian Quarterly , 56 ( 4 ) : 363 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Perkins , Kathleen . 1993 . Working Class Women and Retirement. . Journal of Gerontological Social Work , 20 ( 3/4 ) : 129 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry Julia 1988 Income Support for Older Women. Social Security Review Research Paper No. 43, Commonwealth Department of Social Security, Canberra
   Google Scholar
• Pesando , James E , Gunderson , Morley and McLaren , John . 1991 . Pension Benefits and Male – Female Wage Differentials. . Canadian Journal of Economics , 24 ( 3 ) : 536 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston , Alison and Austen , Siobhan . 2001 . Women, Superannuation, and the SGC. . Australian Bulletin of Labour , 27 ( 4 ) : 272 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , Alison , Austen , Siobhan and Burgess , John . 2003 . Women's Work in Australia: Trends, Issues, and Prospects. . Australian Journal of Labour Economics , 6 ( 4 ) : 497 – 518 .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , Virginia . 1999 . Women and Retirement. . Journal of Woman and Aging , 11 ( 2/3 ) : 49 – 66 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenman , Linda and Warberton , Jeni . 1996 . Restructuring Australian Retirement Incomes: Implications of Changing Work and Retirement Patterns. . International Social Security Review , 49 ( 4 ) : 5 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross Steven 1994 Taxation, Superannuation, and Women, in Economic Planning and Advisory Council and Office for the Status of Women. Women and Superannuation: Selected Seminar Papers EPAC Background Paper No. 41, pp. 105 – 14, Canberra: Economic Planning and Advisory Council and Office for the Status of Women
   Google Scholar
• Sandor Danny 2001 To Have and to Hold Till the Super Do We Part – Women and Marital Separation: Superannuation Implications. Presented to the Economic Policy Summit on Women and Retirement Savings, University of New South Wales, September 7, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Senate Select Committee on Superannuation 1995 Super and Broken Work Patterns, 17th Report of the Senate Select Committee on Superannuation Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia
   Google Scholar
• Senate Select Committee on Superannuation 2002 Superannuation and Standards of Living in Retirement: Report on the Adequacy of the Tax Arrangements for Superannuation and Related Policy Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/superannuation_ctte/living_standards/report/report.pdf (accessed March 2003)
   Google Scholar
• Shaver Sheila 2001 Pension Reform in Australia: Problematic Gender Equality, in Jay Ginn, Debra Street, and Sarah Arber, eds. Women, Work, and Pensions: International Issues and Prospects pp. 179 – 98 Buckingham, UK: Open University Press
   Google Scholar
• Sundén , Annika E and Surette , Brian J . 1998 . Gender Differences in the Allocation of Assets in Retirement Savings Plans. . AEA Papers and Proceedings , 88 ( 2 ) : 207 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston , Ruth and Smyth , Bruce . 2000 . Financial Living Standards after Divorce. . Family Matters , 55 : 11 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Whiteford Peter Bond Kim 2000 Trends in the Incomes and Living Standards of Older People in Australia. Policy Research Paper No. 6, Department of Family and Community Services, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , John B and McNamara , Tay K . 2003 . Interrupted Trajectories and Labor Force Participation. . Research on Aging , 25 ( 2 ) : 87 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar