Gender Gaps in Financial Literacy: Evidence from Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay

REFERENCES

• Agnew, Steve, Pam Maras, and Amy Moon. 2018. “Gender Differences in Financial Socialization in the Home – An Exploratory Study.” International Journal of Consumer Studies 42(3): 275–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessie, Rob, Maarten Van Rooij, and Annamaria Lusardi. 2011. “Financial Literacy and Retirement Preparation in the Netherlands.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10(4): 527–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkire, Sabine, and James Foster. 2011a. “Understandings and Misunderstandings of Multidimensional Poverty Measurement.” Journal of Economic Inequality 9: 289–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkire, Sabine, and James Foster. 2011b. “Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurement.” Journal of Public Economics 95: 476–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almenberg, Johan and Anna Dreber. 2015. “Gender, Stock Market Participation and Financial Literacy.” Economics Letters 137(C): 140–2.
   Google Scholar
• Anxo, Dominique, Letizia Mencarini, Ariane Pailhé, Anne Solaz, Maria Letizia Tanturri, and Lennart Flood. 2011. “Gender Differences in Time Use Over the Life Course in France, Italy, Sweden and the US.” Feminist Economics 17(3): 159–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora, Diksha, Elissa Braunstein, and Stephanie Seguino. 2021. “A Macro-Micro Analysis of Gender Segregation and Job Quality in Latin America.” WIDER Working Paper 2021/86. UNU-WIDER, Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Arrondel, Luc, Majdi Debbich, and Frédérique Savignac. 2012. “Stockholding and Financial Literacy in the French Population.” International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 4(2): 285–94.
   Google Scholar
• Arrondel, Luc, Majdi Debbich, and Frédérique Savignac. 2013. “Financial Literacy and Financial Planning in France.” Numeracy 6(2): Article 8.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, Adele and Flore-Anne Messy. 2011. “Assessing Financial Literacy in 12 Countries: An OECD/INFE International Pilot Exercise.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10(4): 657–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austen, Siobhan and Astghik Mavisakalyan. 2016. “Constitutions and the Political Agency of Women: A Cross-Country Study.” Feminist Economics 22(1): 183–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azar, Karina, Edgar Lara, and Diana Mejía. 2018. “Inclusión financiera de las mujeres en América Latina. Situación actual y recomendaciones de política.” Serie Políticas Públicas y Transformación Productiva 30/2018. Corporación Andina de Fomento, Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina (CAF).
   Google Scholar
• Bannier, Christina E. and Milena Neubert. 2016. “Gender Differences in Financial Risk Taking: The Role of Financial Literacy and Risk Tolerance.” Economics Letters 145(C): 130–5.
   Google Scholar
• Berik, Günseli, Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, and Stephanie Seguino. 2009. “Feminist Economics of Inequality, Development, and Growth.” Feminist Economics 15(3): 1–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand, Marianne. 2016. “New Perspectives on Gender.” In Handbook of Labor Economics 4B, edited by David Card and Orley Ashenfelter, 1543–90. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Blinder, Alan S. 1973. “Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates.” Journal of Human Resources 8(4): 436–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boisclair, David, Annamaria Lusardi, and Pierre-Carl Michaud. 2017. “Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in Canada.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 16(3): 277–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrowman, Mary and Stephan Klasen. 2020. “Drivers of Gendered Sectoral and Occupational Segregation in Developing Countries.” Feminist Economics 26(2): 62–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossert, Walter, Satya R. Chakravarty, and Conchita D’Ambrosio. 2013. “Multidimensional Poverty and Material Deprivation with Discrete Data.” Review of Income and Wealth 59(1): 29–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunstein, Elissa. 2013. “Gender, Growth and Employment.” Development 56(1): 103–13.
   Google Scholar
• Braunstein, Elissa and Stephanie Seguino. 2018. “The Impact of Economic Policy and Structural Change on Gender Employment Inequality in Latin America, 1990–2010.” Review of Keynesian Economics 6(3): 307–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunstein, Elissa, Irene Van Staveren, and Daniele Tavani. 2011. “Embedding Care and Unpaid Work in Macroeconomic Modeling: A Structuralist Approach.” Feminist Economics 14(4): 5–31.
   Google Scholar
• Brück, Tilman and Kati Schindler. 2008. “The Impact of Conflict and Fragility on Households: A Conceptual Framework with Reference to Widows.” UNU-WIDER Research Paper 2008/83. UNU-WIDER, Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Bucher-Koenen, Tabea, Annamaria Lusardi, Rob Alessie, and Maarten Van Rooij. 2017. “How Financially Literate are Women? An Overview and New Insights.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 51(2): 255–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvet, Laurent E., John Y. Campbell, and Paolo Sodini. 2009. “Measuring the Financial Sophistication of Households.” American Economic Review 99(2): 393–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerioli, Andrea and Sergio Zani. 1990. “A Fuzzy Approach to the Measurement of Poverty.” In Income and Wealth Distribution, Inequality and Poverty. Proceedings, Pavia, Italy, 1989, edited by Camilo Dagum and Michele Zenga, 272–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Chakravarty, Satya R., Diganta Mukherjee, and Ravindra R. Ranade. 1998. “On the Family of Subgroup and Factor Decomposable Measures of Multidimensional Poverty.” Research on Economic Inequality 8: 175–94.
   Google Scholar
• Chantreuil, Frédéric and Alain Trannoy. 2013. “Inequality Decomposition Values: The Trade-off Between Marginality and Efficiency.” Journal of Economic Inequality 11: 83–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Zibei and James C. Garand. 2018. “On the Gender Gap in Financial Knowledge: Decomposing the Effects of Don’t Know and Incorrect Responses.” Social Science Quarterly 99(5): 1551–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, Zhong, Zhengwei Wang, Jing Jian Xiao, and Weiqiang Zhang. 2017. “Financial Literacy, Portfolio Choice and Financial Well-Being.” Social Indicators Research 132(2): 799–820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, Robert, Annamaria Lusardi, and Olivia S. Mitchell. 2017. “Financial Knowledge and 401(k) Investment Performance: A Case Study.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 16(3): 324–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cupák, Andrej, Pirmin Fessler, and Alyssa Schneebaum. 2021. “Gender Differences in Risky Asset Behavior: The Importance of Self-Confidence and Financial Literacy.” Financial Research Letters 42: 101880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cupák, Andrej, Pirmin Fessler, Alyssa Schneebaum, and Maria Silgoner. 2018. “Decomposing Gender Gaps in Financial Literacy: New International Evidence.” Economics Letters 168: 102–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaton, Angus. 2018. The Analysis of Household Surveys. A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy. Reissue Edition with a New Preface. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Deere, Carmen Diana, and Cheryl R. Doss. 2006. “The Gender Asset Gap: What Do We Know and Why Does it Matter?” Feminist Economics 12(1–2): 1–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilli, Selin, Sarah G. Carmichael, and Auke Rijpma. 2019. “Introducing the Historical Gender Equality Index.” Feminist Economics 25(1): 31–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollar, David and Roberta Gatti. 1999. Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth: Are Good Times Good for Women? (Vol. 1) Washington, DC: Development Research Group, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Donald, Aletheia, Gayatri Koolwal, Jeannie Annan, Kathryn Falb, and Markus Goldstein. 2020. “Measuring Women’s Agency.” Feminist Economics 26(3): 200–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doss, Cheryl. 2013. “Intra-household Bargaining and Resource Allocation in Developing Countries.” World Bank Research Observer 28(1): 52–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driva, Anastasia, Melanie Lührmann, and Joachim Winter. 2016. “Gender Differences and Stereotypes in Financial Literacy: Off to an Early Start.” Economics Letters 146: 143–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duflo, Esther. 2012. “Women Empowerment and Economic Development.” Journal of Economic Literature 50(4): 1051–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron, Bradley. 1981. “Nonparametric Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals.” Canadian Journal of Statistics 9(2): 139–58.
   Google Scholar
• Espinoza-Delgado, José and Stephan Klasen. 2018. “Gender and Multidimensional Poverty in Nicaragua: An Individual Based Approach.” World Development 110: 466–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca, Raquel, Kathleen J. Mullen, Gema Zamarro, and Julie Zissimopoulos. 2012. “What Explains the Gender Gap in Financial Literacy? The Role of Household Decision Making.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 46(1): 90–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, Nidia, Andrea Grifoni, Juan Carlos López, and Diana Mejía. 2013. “Financial Education in Latin America and the Caribbean: Rationale, Overview and Way Forward.” OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions 33: 1–74.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, Saibal and Dharmarajan Vinod. 2017. “What Constrains Financial Inclusion of Women? Evidence from Indian Micro Data.” World Development 92: 60–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin, Claudia. 2006. “The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women’s Employment, Education, and Family.” American Economic Review 96(2): 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohmann, Antonia. 2016. “The Gender Gap in Financial Literacy: Income, Education, and Experience Offer Only Partial Explanations.” DIW Economic Bulletin 46/47: 531–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hanmer, Lucia and Jeni Klugman. 2016. “Exploring Women’s Agency and Empowerment in Developing Countries: Where Do We Stand?” Feminist Economics 22(1): 237–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasler, Andrea and Annamaria Lusardi. 2017. The Gender Gap in Financial Literacy: A Global Perspective. Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center, George Washington University School of Business.
   Google Scholar
• Hizgilov, Albert and Jacques Silber. 2020. “On Multidimensional Approaches to Financial Literacy Measurement.” Social Indicators Research 148: 787–830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huettner, Frank and Marco Sunder. 2012. “Axiomatic Arguments for Decomposing Goodness of Fit According to Shapley and Owen Values.” Electronic Journal of Statistics 6: 1239–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, Angela, Joanne Yoong, and Elizabeth Brown. 2012. “Empowering Women Through Financial Awareness and Education.” OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions 14: 1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Jappelli, Tullio and Mario Padula. 2013. “Investment in Financial Literacy and Saving Decisions.” Journal of Banking and Finance 37(8): 2779–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jappelli, Tullio, and Mario Padula. 2017. “Consumption Growth, the Interest Rate and Financial Sophistication.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10(4): 348–70.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, Deborah, Sara Stevano, Hazel Jean Malapit, Elizabeth Hull, and Suneetha Kadiyala. 2015. “Agriculture, Gendered Time Use, and Nutritional Outcomes: A Systematic Review.” IFPRI Discussion Paper 1456. The International Food Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, Naila. 1999. “Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment.” Development and Change 30(3): 63–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabeer, Naila. 2004. “Globalization, Labor Standards, and Women’s Rights: Dilemmas of Collective (in) Action in an Interdependent World.” Feminist Economics 10(1): 3–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabeer, Naila. 2016. “Gender Equality, Economic Growth, and Women’s Agency: The ‘Endless Variety’ and ‘Monotonous Similarity’ of Patriarchal Constraints.” Feminist Economics 22(1): 295–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabeer, Naila and Luisa Natali. 2013. “Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is There a Win-Win?” IDS Working Paper Issue 417. Institute of Developent Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Karakurum-Ozdemir, Kamer, Melike Kokkizil, and Gokce Uysal. 2019. “Financial Literacy in Developing Countries.” Social Indicators Research 143: 325–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klapper, Leora and Annamaria Lusardi. 2020. “Financial Literacy and Financial Resilience: Evidence from Around the World.” Financial Management 49(3): 589–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klapper, Leora F., Annamaria Lusardi, and Georgios A. Panos. 2012. “Financial Literacy and the Financial Crisis.” NBER Working Paper 17930. National Buearu of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Klapper, Leora F., Annamaria Lusardi, and Georgios A. Panos. 2015. “Financial Literacy and Entrepreneurship.” GFLEC Working Paper Series WP 201-3. Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center (GFLEC). https://gflec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/WP-2015-3-Financial-Literacy-and-Entrepreneurship.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Klapper, Leora F., Annamaria Lusardi, and Peter Van Oudheusden. 2015. “Financial Literacy Around the World: Insights from the Standard and Poor Ratings Services Global Financial Literacy Survey.” https://gflec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Finlit_paper_16_F2_singles.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Klapper, Leora and Georgios A. Panos. 2011. “Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning: The Russian Case.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10(4): 599–618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasen, Stephan. 2002. “Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development.” World Bank Economic Review 16(3): 345–73.
   Google Scholar
• Klasen, Stephan. 2018. “The Impact of Gender Inequality on Economic Performance in Developing Countries.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 10: 279–298.
   Google Scholar
• Klasen, Stephan. 2020. “From ‘Me Too’ to Boko Haram: A Survey of Levels and Trends of Gender Inequality in the World.” World Development 128: 104862.
   Google Scholar
• Klasen, Stephan and Francesca Lamanna. 2009. “The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries.” Feminist Economics 15(3): 91–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasen, Stephan, Tobias Lechtenfeld, and Felix Povel. 2015. “A Feminization of Vulnerability? Female Headship, Poverty, and Vulnerability in Thailand and Vietnam.” World Development 71: 36–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasen, Stephan and Claudia Wink. 2002. “A Turning Point in Gender Bias in Mortality? An Update on the Number of Missing Women.” Population and Development Review 28(2): 285–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasen, Stephan, and Claudia Wink. 2003. “‘Missing Women’: Revisiting the Debate.” Feminist Economics 9(2–3): 263–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusardi, Annamaria. 2019. “Financial Literacy and the Need for Financial Education: Evidence and Implications.” Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics 155(1): 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lusardi, Annamaria and Carlo de Bassa Scheresberg. 2013. “Financial Literacy and High-Cost Borrowing in the United States.” NBER Working Paper Series 18969. National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Lusardi, Annamaria, Pierre-Carl Michaud, and Olivia S. Mitchell. 2017. “Optimal Financial Knowledge and Wealth Inequality.” Journal of Political Economy 125(2): 431–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusardi, Annamaria, and Olivia S. Mitchell. 2008. “Planning and Financial Literacy: How Do Women Fare?” American Economic Review 98(2): 413–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusardi, Annamaria, and Olivia S. Mitchell. 2011. “Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in the United States.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10(4): 509–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusardi, Annamaria, and Olivia S. Mitchell. 2014. “The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Economic Literature 52(1): 5–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mejía Anzola, Diana Margarita, and Guillermo Rodríguez Guzmán. 2016. “Socio-economic Determinants of Financial Education. Evidence for Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.” Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF). Public Policy and Productive Transformation Series No 23/2016. https://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/873.
   Google Scholar
• Mejía, Diana, Antonio Pallotta, Ever Egúsquiza, and Stefano Farnè. 2015. “Encuesta de medición de las capacidades financieras en los países andinos. Informe comparativo 2014” [Survey measuring financial capabilities in the Andean countries. Comparative report 2014]. http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/743.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, Olivia S. 2017. “Financial Knowledge and Key Retirement Outcomes: An Overview of the Issue.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 16(3): 273–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra, Aniruddha, James T. Bang, and Arnab Biswas. 2015. “Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is it Equality of Opportunity or Equality of Outcomes?” Feminist Economics 21(1): 110–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nejad, Mohammad G. and Genevieve O’Connor. 2016. “An Intersectional Approach to Evaluating Consumer Financial Literacy.” Journal of Financial Services Marketing 21(4): 308–24.
   Google Scholar
• Neumark, David. 1988. “Employers’ Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination.” Journal of Human Resources 23(3): 279–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, Martha Craven and Jonathan Glover, eds. 1995. Women, Culture, and Development. A Study of Human Capabilities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oaxaca, Ronald. 1973. “Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets.” International Economic Review 14(3): 693–709.
   Google Scholar
• Oaxaca, Ronald L. and Michael R. Ransom. 1988. “Searching for the Effect of Unionism on the Wages of Union and Nonunion Workers.” Journal of Labor Research 9: 139–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oaxaca, Ronald L. and Michael R. Ransom. 1994. “On Discrimination and the Decomposition of Wage Differentials.” Journal of Econometrics 61(1): 5–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 2005. “Improving Financial Literacy. Analysis of Issues and Policies.” OECD Publishing. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264012578-en.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2020. OECD/INFE 2020 International Survey of Adult Financial Literacy. OECD Publications. https://www.oecd.org/financial/education/launchoftheoecdinfeglobalfinancialliteracysurveyreport.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Ooi, Elizabeth. 2020. “Give Mind to the Gap: Measuring Gender Differences in Financial Knowledge.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 54(3): 931–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osmani, Siddiq and Amartya Sen. 2003. “The Hidden Penalties of Gender Inequality: Fetal Origins of Ill-Health.” Economics and Human Biology 1(1): 105–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston, Alison C. and Robert E. Wright. 2019. “Understanding the Gender Gap in Financial Literacy: Evidence from Australia.” Economic Record 95(S1): 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Qizilbash, Mozaffar. 2005. “Sen on Freedom and Gender Justice.” Feminist Economics 11(3): 151–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quisumbing, Agnes. 2003. Household Decisions, Gender and Development: A Synthesis of Recent Research. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rink, Ute, Yabibal M. Walle, and Stephan Klasen. 2021. “The Financial Literacy Gender Gap and the Role of Culture.” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 80: 117–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roa, María José, Ignacio Garrón, and Jonathan Barboza. 2018. “Características cognitivas, rasgos de personalidad y alfabetización financiera: papel en las decisiones financieras” [Cognitive characteristics, personality traits, and financial literacy: Role in financial decisions]. In Decisiones financieras de los hogares e inclusión financiera: evidencia para América Latina y el Caribe, edited by María José Roa García, and Diana Mejía, 167–255. Ciudad de México, México: Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos.
   Google Scholar
• Roa, María José, and Diana Mejía. 2018. Financial Decisions of Households and Financial Inclusion:Eevidence for Latin America and the Caribbean. Ciudad de México, México: Center for Latin American Monetary Studies (CEMLA) and Development Bank of Latin America (CAF).
   Google Scholar
• Robeyns, Ingrid. 2003. “Sen’s Capability Approach and Gender Inequality: Selecting Relevant Capabilities.” Feminist Economics 9(2–3): 61–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson, Jennifer and Johanna Peetz. 2020. “Gender Differences in Financial Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors: Accounting for Socioeconomic Disparities and Psychological Traits.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 54(3): 813–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seguino, Stephanie. 2016. “Global Trends in Gender Equality.” Journal of African Development 18: 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, Amartya. 1998. “Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure.” Economic Journal 108: 1–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, Amartya. 2000. Development as Freedom. New York: First Anchor Books Edition.
   Google Scholar
• Shorrocks, Anthony F. 2013. “Decomposition Procedures for Distributional Analysis: A Unified Framework Based on the Shapley Value.” Journal of Economic Inequality 11: 99–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Changcheng. 2020. “Financial Illiteracy and Pension Contributions: A Field Experiment on Compound Interest in China.” Review of Financial Studies 33(2): 916–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparreboom, Theo. 2014. “Gender Equality, Part-Time Work and Segregation in Europe.” International Labour Review 153(2): 245–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekgüç, Hasan, and Bengi Akbulut. 2022. “A Multidimensional Approach to the Gender Gap in Poverty: An Application for Turkey.” Feminist Economics 28(2): 119–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, Duncan. 1993. “The Distribution of Income and Expenditures Within the Household.” Annales D’Economie et de Statistique 29: 109–35.
   Google Scholar
• Tinghög, Gustav, Ali Ahmed, Kinga Barrafrem, Thérèse Lind, Kenny Skagerlund, and Daniel Västfjäll. 2021. “Gender Differences in Financial Literacy: The Role of Stereotype Threat.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 192: 405–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. 2015. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. United Nations General Assembly A/RES/70/1, Seventieth Session, Agenda items 15 and 116. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol = A/RES/70/1andLang = E.
   Google Scholar
• Waitkus, Nora and Lara Minkus. 2021. “Investigating the Gender Wealth Gap Across Occupational Classes.” Feminist Economics 27(4): 114–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2011. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2018. The Human Capital Project. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/30498/33252.pdf?sequence = 5&isAllowed = y.
   Google Scholar
• Zins, Alexandra and Laurent Weill. 2016. “The Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Africa.” Review of Development Finance 6(1): 46–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar