Visuo-spatial and verbal working memory in the five-disc Tower of London task: An individual differences approach

References

• Baddeley , A. D. 1992 . Is working memory working? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 44A : 1 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch . 1974 . “ Working memory G. Bower ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Logie , R. H. 1999 . “ Working memory: The multiple component model ” . In Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and control , Edited by: Miyake , A. and Shah , P. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , Logie , R. H. , Nimmo-Smith , I. and Brereton , N. 1985 . Components of fluid reading . Journal of Memory and Language , 24 : 119 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandimonte , M. A. and Gerbino . 1993 . “ When imagery fails: Effects of verbal receding on accessibility of visual memories ” . In Stretching the imagination: Representations of transformations in mental imagery , Edited by: Cornoldi , C. , Logie , R. H. , Brandimonte , M. A. , Kaufmann , G. and Reisberg , D. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Child . 1970 . The essentials of factor analysis , London : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Corsi , A. T. 1972 . Human memory and the medial temporal region of the bra , Montreal : McGill University . [Dissertation]
   Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Carpenter , P. A. 1980 . Individual differences in working memory and reading . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 19 : 450 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• Delia Sala , S. , Gray , C. , Baddeley , A. , Allamano , N. and Wilson , L . 1999 . Pattern span: A tool for unwelding visuo-spatial memory . Neuropsychologia , 37 : 1189 – 1199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Sala , S. and Logie , R . 1993 . “ When working memory does not work: The role of working memory in neuropsychology ” . In Handbook of neuropsychology , Edited by: Boller , F. and Grafman , J. Vol 8 , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. , Tuholski , S. W. , Laughlin , J. E. and Conway , A. R. A. 1999 . Working memory, short-term memory, and General Fluid Intelligence: A latent variable approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 128 : 309 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. A. and Simon , H. A. 1993 . Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gilhooly , KJ. , Phillips , L. H. , Wynn , V. , Logie , R. H. and Delia Sala , S . 1999 . Planning processes and age in the five-disc Tower of London task . Thinking and Reasoning , 5 : 339 – 361 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilinsky , A. S. and Judd , B. B. 1994 . Working memory and bias in reasoning across the life span . Psychology and Aging , 9 : 356 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glosser , G. and Goodglass , H. 1990 . Disorders in executive control functions among aphasic and other brain damaged patients . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 : 485 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitch , G. J. , Brandimonte , M. A. and Walker , P. 1995 . Two types of representation in visual memory: Evidence from the effects of stimulus contrast on image combination . Memory and Cognition , 23 : 147 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce , E. M. and Robbins , T. W. 1991 . Frontal lobe function in Korsakoff and non-Korsakoff alcoholics: Planning and spatial working memory . Neuropsychologia , 29 : 709 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto , J. 1996 . Are executive function tests dependent on working memory capacity? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49 : 29 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment , 3rd Edn. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Logie , R. H. 1995 . Visuo-spatial working memory , Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Logie , R. H. , Englekamp , J. , Dehn , D. and Rudkin , S. 2001 . “ Actions, mental actions and working memory ” . In Imagery, language and visuo-spatial thinking , Edited by: Denis , M. , Logie , R. H. , Cornoldi , C. , de Vega , M. and Englekamp , J. Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mardis , K. V. 1970 . Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications . Biometrika , 57 : 519 – 530 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , R. G. , Ahmed , S. , Syed , G. M. and Toone , B. K. 1993 . Neural correlates of planning ability: Frontal lobe activation during the Tower of London test . Neuropsychologia , 31 : 1367 – 1378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , A. M. , Downes , JJ. , Sahakian , B. J. , Polkey , C. E. and Robbins , T. W. 1990 . Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man . Neuropsychologia , 28 : 1021 – 1034 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , A. M. , Doyon , J. , Petrides , M. and Evans , A. C. 1996 . Planning and spatial working memory: A positron emission tomography study in humans . European Journal of Neuroscience , 8 : 353 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , L. H. and Forshaw , M. J. 1998 . “ The role of working memory in age differences in reasoning ” . In Working memory and thinking , Edited by: Logie , R. H. and Gilhooly , K. J. Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , L. H. , Wynn , V. , Gilhooly , K. J. , Delia Sala , S. and Logie , R. 1999 . The role of memory in the Tower of London task . Memory , 7 : 209 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. 1960 . Guide to the Standard Progressive Matrices , London : H.K. Lewis .
   Google Scholar
• Shah , P. and Miyake , A. 1996 . The separability of working memory resources for spatial thinking and language processing: An individual differences approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 125 : 4 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. 1982 . Specific impairments of planning . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B , 298 : 199 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , G. and Allport , A. 1997 . Planning and problem solving using the 5-disc Tower of London task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 50 : 49 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised , New York : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Welsh , M. , Cicerello , A. , Cuneo , R. and Brennan , M. 1995 . Error and temporal patterns in Tower of Hanoi performance: Cognitive mechanisms and individual differences . Journal of General Psychology , 122 : 69 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh , M. C. , Satterlee-Cartmell , T. and Stine , M. 1999 . Towers of Hanoi and London: Contribution of working memory and inhibition to performance . Brain and Cognition , 41 : 231 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar