Effects of amount of evidence and range of rule on the use of hypothesis and target tests by groups in rule-discovery tasks

References

• Arkes , H. R. and Harkness , A. R. 1983 . Estimates of contingency between two dichotomous variables . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 112 : 117 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crott , H. W. , Giesel , M. and Hoffmann , C. 1998 . The process of inductive inference in groups: The use of positive and negative hypothesis and target testing in sequential rule-discovery tasks . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 938 – 952 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crott , H. W. and Werner , J. 1994 . The norm-information-distance model: A stochastic approach to preference change in group interaction . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 30 : 68 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crott , H. W. , Werner , J. and Hoffmann , C. 1996 . “ A probabilistic model of opinion change considering distance between alternatives: An application to mock jury data ” . In Understanding group behavior. Consensual action by small groups , Edited by: Witte , E. H. and Davis , J. H. Vol. 1 , 15 – 33 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Fischhoff , B. and Beyth-Marom , R. 1983 . Hypothesis evaluation from a Bayesian perspective . Psychological Review , 90 : 239 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman , M. E. 1986 . How the possibility of error affects falsification on a task that models scientific problem solving . British Journal of Psychology , 77 : 85 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman , M. E. 1989 . Error, falsification and scientific interference: An experimental investigation . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 41A : 385 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman , M. E. , Gorman , M. E. , Latta , R. M. and Cunningham , G. 1984 . How disconfirmatory, confirmatory and combined strategies affect group problem solving . British Journal of Psychology , 75 : 65 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacker , K. L. , Freedman , E. G. , Gorman , M. E. and Isaacson , R. 1990 . The emergence of task representations in small-group simulations of scientific reasoning . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 5 : 175 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Halberstadt , N. and Kareev , Y. 1995 . Transitions between modes of inquiry in a rule-discovery task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 48A : 280 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann , M. 1996 . Problemlöseprozesse in Kleingruppen. Eine experimentelle Untersuchung zur individuellen und kollektiven Induktion , Hamburg : Kovač .
   Google Scholar
• Kareev , Y. , Halberstadt , N. and Shafir , D. 1993 . Improving performance and increasing the use of non-positive testing in a rule-discovery task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 46A : 729 – 742 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klayman , J. and Ha , Y-W. 1987 . Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing . Psychological Review , 94 : 211 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klayman , J. and Ha , Y-W. 1989 . Hypothesis testing in rule discovery: Strategy, structure, and content . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 15 : 596 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koslowski , B. and Maqueda , M. 1993 . What is confirmation bias and when do people actually have it? . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 39 : 104 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , P. R. and Bonner , B. L. 1999 . Collective induction: Effects of multiple hypotheses and multiple evidence in two problem solving domains . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 1163 – 1172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , P. R. , Bonner , B. L. and Altermatt , T. W. 1998a . Collective versus individual induction with single versus multiple hypotheses . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 1481 – 1489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , P. R. , Chandler , J. S. , Shupe , E. I. , Magley , V. J. and Hulbert , L. G. 1995 . Generality of a theory of collective induction: Face-to-face and computer-mediated interaction, amount of potential information, and group versus member choice of evidence . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 63 : 98 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , P. R. and Futoran , G. C. 1985 . Collective induction: Social combination and sequential transition . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 608 – 613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , P. R. , Magley , V. J. and Shupe , E. I. 1997 . Positive and negative hypothesis testing by cooperative groups . Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 69 : 265 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , P. R. and McGlynn , R. P. 1986 . Collective induction: Mutual group and individual influence by exchange of hypotheses and evidence . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 22 : 567 – 589 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , P. R. and Shippy , T. A. 1983 . Collective induction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 94 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , P. R. , Shupe , E. I. and Magley , V. J. 1998b . Effectiveness of positive hypothesis testing for cooperative groups . Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 73 : 27 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , P. R. , VanderStoep , S. W. and Hollingshead , A. B. 1991 . Collective versus individual induction: Recognition of truth, rejection of error, and collective information processing . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 50 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , M. 1966 . Hypothesis behaviour by humans during discrimination learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 71 : 331 – 338 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald , J. 1990 . Some situational determinants of hypothesis-testing strategies . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 26 : 255 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlynn , R. P. , Tubbs , D. D. and Holzhausen , K. G. 1995 . Hypothesis generation in groups constrained by evidence . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 30 : 64 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Mynatt , C. R. , Doherty , M. E. and Tweney , R. D. 1977 . Confirmation bias in a simulated research environment: An experimental study of scientific inference . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 29 : 85 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mynatt , C. R. , Doherty , M. E. and Tweney , R. D. 1978 . Consequences of confirmation and disconfirmation in a simulated research environment . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 30 : 394 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada , T. and Simon , H. A. 1997 . Collaborative discovery in a scientific domain . Cognitive Science , 21 : 109 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penner , D. E. and Klahr , D. 1996 . When to trust the data: Further investigations of system error in a scientific reasoning task . Memory & Cognition , 24 : 655 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt , J. R. 1964 . Strong inference . Science , 146 : 347 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper , K. R. 1959 . The logic of scientific discovery , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Popper , K. R. 1972 . Objective knowledge , Oxford : Clarendon .
   Google Scholar
• Romesburg , C. H. 1979 . Simulating scientific inquiry with the card game Eleusis . Science Education , 63 : 599 – 608 .
   Google Scholar
• Schustack , M. W. and Sternberg , R. J. 1981 . Evaluation of evidence in causal inference . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 110 : 101 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slowiaczek , L. M. , Klayman , J. , Sherman , S. J. and Skov , R. B. 1992 . Information selection and use in hypothesis testing: What is a good question, and what is a good answer? . Memory and Cognition , 20 : 392 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder , M. and Swann , W. B. Jr. 1978 . Hypothesis-testing in social interaction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 1202 – 1212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , H. M. and Lev , J. 1953 . Statistical inference , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Wason , P. C. 1960 . On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 12 : 129 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wason , P. C. 1968 . “ On the failure to eliminate hypotheses: A second look ” . In Thinking and reasoning , Edited by: Wason , P. C. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 165 – 174 . Harmondsworth, , UK : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Wason , P. C. 1971 . Problem solving and reasoning . British Medical Bulletin , 27 : 206 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar