Inverse relation between clinical distractibility and Stroop interference in functional psychoses

References

• Abramczyk , R. R. , Jordan , D. E. and Hegel , M. 1983 . Reverse Stroop effect in the performance of schizophrenics . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 56 : 99 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan , L. M. , Williams , J. H. , Wellman , N. A. , Tonin , J. , Taylor , E. , Rawlins , J. N. P. and Feldon , J. 1995 . Effects of tobacco smoking, schizotypy and number of pre-exposures on latent inhibition in healthy subjects . Personality and Individual Differences , 19 : 893 – 902 .
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen , N. C. 1987 . The comprehensive assessment of symptoms and history (CASH) , Iowa City, IA : University of Iowa .
   Google Scholar
• Anscombe , R. 1987 . The disorder of consciousness in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 13 : 241 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barch , D. M. , Carter , C. S. , Hachten , P. C. , Usher , M. and Cohen , J. D. 1999a . The “benefits” of distractibility: Mechanisms underlying increased Stroop effects in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 25 : 749 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barch , D. M. , Carter , C. S. , Perlstein , W. , Baird , J. , Cohen , J. D. and Schooler , N. 1999b . Increased Stroop facilitation effects in schizophrenia are not due to increased automatic spreading activation . Schizophrenia Research , 39 : 51 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baruch , I. , Hemsley , D. R. and Gray , J. A. 1988 . Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task . Journal of Nervous Mental Disease , 176 : 598 – 606 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter , R. D. and Liddle , P. F. 1998 . Neuropsychological deficits associated with schizophrenic syndromes . Schizophrenia Research , 30 : 239 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazire , S. 1995 . Psychotropic drug directory , London : RPSGB Pharmaceutical Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bleuler , E. 1950 . Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias , New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boucart , M. , Mobarek , N. , Cuervo , C. and Danion , J. M. 1999 . What is the nature of increased Stroop interference in schizophrenia? . Acta Psychologica , 101 : 3 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazo , P. , Marie , R. M. , Halbecq , I. , Benali , K. , Segard , L. , Delamillieure , P.S.L.-T. , Van Der Elst , A. , Thibaut , F. , Petit , M. and Dollfus , S. 2002 . Cognitive patterns in subtypes of schizophrenia . European Psychiatry , 17 : 155 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brebion , G. , Smith , M. , Gorman , J. , Malaspina , D. and Amador , X. 1998 . Resistance to interference and positive symptomatology in schizophrenia . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 3 : 179 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan , R. W. , Strauss , M. E. , Kirkpatrick , B. , Holstein , C. , Breier , A. and Carpenter , W. T. J. 1994 . Neuropsychological impairments in deficit vs nondeficit forms of schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry , 51 : 804 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , C. S. , Robertson , L. C. and Nordahl , T. E. 1992 . Abnormal processing of irrelevant information in chronic schizophrenia: Selective enhancement of Stroop facilitation . Psychiatry Research , 41 : 137 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , C. S. , Robertson , L. C. , Nordahl , T. E. , O'Shora-Celaya , L. J. and Chaderjian , M. C. 1993 . Abnormal processing of irrelevant information in schizophrenia: The role of illness subtype . Psychiatry Research , 48 : 17 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , L. J. and Chapman , J. P. 1973 . Disordered thought in schizophrenia , New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , J. Y. 1997 . How should the Stroop interference effect be measured? Further evidence from alternative versions of the Stroop task . Perceptual Motor or Skills , 84 : 1123 – 1133 . 3 Pt. 2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Casa , V. , Hofer , I. and Feldon , J. 1999 . Latent inhibition in smokers vs . nonsmokers: Interaction with number or intensity of preexposures? Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior , 62 : 353 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• Diester , A. and Marneros , A. 1994 . Prognostic value of initial subtype in schizophrenic disorders . Schizophrenia Research , 12 : 145 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Elkins , I. J. and Cromwell , R. L. 1994 . Priming effects in schizophrenia: Associative interference and facilitation as a function of visual context . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 103 : 791 – 800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor-Henry , P. 1983 . Determinants of psychosis in epilepsy: Laterality and forced normalization . Biological Psychiatry , 18 : 1045 – 1057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith , C. D. 1979 . Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 134 : 225 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giersch , A. , Danion , J.-M. , Boucart , M. , Roeser , C. and Abenhaim , K. 2002 . Reduced or increased influence of non-pertinent information in patients with schizophrenia? . Acta Psychologica , 111 : 171 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden , C. J. 1976 . Identification of brain disorders by the Stroop colour and word test . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 32 : 654 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. , Feldon , J. , Rawlins , J. , Hemsley , D. and Smith , A. D. 1991 . The neuropsychology of schizophrenia . The Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 14 : 1 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , N. S. , Hemsley , D. R. and Gray , J. A. 1992 . Abolition of latent inhibition in acute, but not chronic, schizophrenics . Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research , 1 : 83 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemsley , D. R. 1977 . What have cognitive deficits to do with schizophrenic symptoms? . British Journal of Psychiatry , 130 : 167 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemsley , D. R. 1993 . A simple (or simplistic?) cognitive model for schizophrenia . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 633 – 645 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepp , H. H. , Maier , S. , Hermle , L. and Spitzer , M. 1996 . The Stroop effect in schizophrenic patients . Schizophrenia Research , 22 : 187 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson-Selfridge , M. and Zalewski , C. 2001 . Moderator variables of executive functioning in schizophrenia: Meta-analytic findings . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 27 : 305 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kathmann , N. , von Recum , S. , Haag , C. and Engel , R. R. 2000 . Electrophysiological evidence for reduced latent inhibition in schizophrenic patients . Schizophr Research , 45 : 103 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraepelin , E. 1987 . “ Dementia praecox ” . In The clinical roots of the schizophrenia concept , Edited by: Cutting , J. and Shepherd , M. 15 – 24 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liddle , P. F. 1987 . The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy . British Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 145 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr , J. B. and Flynn , K. 1992 . Smoking and schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 8 : 93 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubow , R. E. , Weiner , I. , Schlossberg , A. and Baruch , I. 1987 . Latent inhibition and schizophrenia . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 25 : 464 – 467 .
   Google Scholar
• Luck , S. J. 1995 . Multiple mechanisms of visual-spatial attention: Recent evidence from human electrophysiology . Behavioural Brain Research , 71 : 113 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukoff , D. , Neuchterlein , K. H. and Ventura , J. 1986 . Manual for the expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 12 : 594 – 601 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C. M. 1991 . Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 163 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C. M. and Bors , D. A. 2002 . Presenting two color words on a single Stroop trial: Evidence for joint influence, not capture . Memory Cognition , 30 : 789 – 797 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazure , C. M. , Nelson , J. C. , Jatlow , P. I. and Bowers , M. B. Jr . 1992 . Drug-responsive symptoms during early neuroleptic treatment . Psychiatry Research , 41 : 147 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• McGhie , A. and Chapman , J. 1961 . Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 34 : 103 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , M. B. , Chapman , J. P. , Chapman , L. J. and Collins , J. 1995 . Task difficulty and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 104 : 251 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitterer , H. , La Heij , W. and Van der Heijden , A. H. 2003 . Stroop dilution but not word-processing dilution: Evidence for attention capture . Psychology Research , 67 : 30 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norusis , M. J. 1993 . SPSS Advanced Statistics 6.1 , Chicago : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Pashler , H. , Johnston , J. C. and Ruthruff , E. 2001 . Attention and performance . Annual Review of Psychology , 52 : 629 – 651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlstein , W. M. , Carter , C. S. , Barch , D. M. and Baird , J. W. 1998 . The Stroop task and attention deficits in schizophrenia: A critical evaluation of card and single-trial Stroop methodologies . Neuropsychology , 12 : 414 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , E. R. , Nunn , J. A. , Pickering , A. D. and Hemsley , D. R. 2002 . Perceptual organization deficits in psychotic patients . Psychiatry Research , 110 : 125 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pharoah , F. M. , Rathbone , J. , Mari , J. J. and Streiner , D. 2003 . “ Family intervention for schizophrenia ” . In The Cochrane Library: Issue 1 , Chichester, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , M. L. , Woodruff , P. W. R. and David , A. S. 1996 . Stroop interference and facilitation in the cerebral hemispheres in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 20 : 57 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robert , P. H. , Migneco , V. , Chaix , I. , Berthet , L. , Kazes , M. , Danion , J. M. , Baudu , C. and Darcourt , G. 1997 . Use of a sequencing task designed to stress the supervisory system in schizophrenic subjects . Psychol Medicine , 27 : 1287 – 1294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo , R. , Henik , A. and Robertson , L. C. 2001 . Interpreting Stroop interference: An analysis of differences between task versions . Neuropsychology , 15 : 462 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo , R. , Robertson , L. C. and Nordahl , T. E. 1996 . Normal sustained effects of selective attention are absent in schizophrenic patients withdrawn from medication . Psychiatry Research , 62 : 121 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo , R. , Robertson , L. C. , Nordahl , T. E. and Kraft , L. W. 1997 . The effects of antipsychotic medication on sequential inhibitory processes . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 639 – 643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schooler , C. , Neumann , E. , Caplan , L. J. and Roberts , B. R. 1997 . A time course analysis of Stroop interference and facilitation: Comparing normal individuals and individuals with schizophrenia . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 126 : 19 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , M. and Shagass , C. 1960 . Responses to coloured and conflict-inducing stimuli in a psychiatric population . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 11 : 245 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. F. , Kornblum , S. and Tandon , R. 1996 . Facilitation and interference of selective attention in schizophrenia . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 30 : 251 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipper , S. P. 1985 . The negative priming effect: Inhibitory priming by ignored objects Quarterly . Journal of Experimental Psychology A , 37 : 571 – 590 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaitl , D. , Lipp , O. , Bauer , U. , Schuler , G. , Stark , R. , Zimmermann , M. and Kirsch , P. 2002 . Latent inhibition and schizophrenia: Pavlovian conditioning of autonomic responses . Schizophrenia Research , 55 : 147 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls , G. 1942 . The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation , Bloomfield Hills, MI : The Cranbrook Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wapner , S. and Krus , D. M. 1960 . Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and differences between normals and schizophrenics on the Stroop colour-word test . Journal of Neuropsychiatry , 2 : 76 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. H. , Wellman , N. A. , Geaney , D. P. , Cowen , P. J. , Feldon , J. and Rawlins , J. N. 1998 . Reduced latent inhibition in people with schizophrenia: An effect of psychosis or of its treatment . British Journal of Psychiatry , 172 : 243 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. H. , Wellman , N. A. , Geaney , D. P. , Feldon , J. , Cowen , P. J. and Rawlins , J. N. 1997a . Haloperidol enhances latent inhibition in visual tasks in healthy people . Psychopharmacology (Berlin) , 133 : 262 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. H. , Wellman , N. A. , Geaney , D. P. , Rawlins , J. N. , Feldon , J. and Cowen , P. J. 1997b . Intravenous administration of haloperidol to healthy volunteers: Lack of subjective effects but clear objective effects . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 11 : 247 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 1992 . The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders , Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• Wysocki , J. J. and Sweet , J. J. 1985 . Identification of brain-damaged, schizophrenic and normal medical patients using a brief neuropsychological screening battery . International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 7 : 40 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee , P. L. and Hunt , E. 1991 . Individual differences in Stroop dilution: Tests of the attention-capture hypothesis . Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance , 17 : 715 – 725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar