Different sides of the same coin? Intercorrelations of cognitive biases in schizophrenia

References

• Adler , A. 1929 . Melancholia and paranoia . In A. Adler The practice and theory of individual psychology . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd . Original work published 1914)
   Google Scholar
• Bell , M. D. , Lysaker , P. H. , Beam-Goulet , J. L. , Milstein , R. M. and Lindenmayer , J. P. 1994 . Five-component model of schizophrenia: Assessing the factorial invariance of the positive and negative syndrome scale . Psychiatry Research , 52 : 295 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , V. , Halligan , P. W. and Ellis , H. D. 2006 . Explaining delusions: A cognitive perspective . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 : 219 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall , R. P. 1999 . Commentary on Garety & Freeman. III: Three psychological investigators and an elephant . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 38 : 323 – 327 .
   Google Scholar
• Bentall , R. P. , Corcoran , R. , Howard , R. , Blackwood , N. and Kinderman , P. 2001 . Persecutory delusions: A review and theoretical integration . Clinical Psychology Review , 21 : 1143 – 1192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall , R. P. , Kinderman , P. and Kaney , S. 1994 . The self, attributional processes and abnormal beliefs: Towards a model of persecutory delusions . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 32 : 331 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall , R. P. , Rowse , G. , Shryane , N. , Kinderman , P. , Howard , R. Blackwood , N. 2009 . The cognitive and affective structure of paranoid delusions: A transdiagnostic investigation of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 66 : 236 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall , R. P. and Swarbrick , R. 2003 . The best laid schemas of paranoid patients: Autonomy, sociotropy and need for closure . Psychology and Psychotherapy , 76 : 163 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brune , M. 2003 . Theory of mind and the role of IQ in chronic disorganized schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 60 : 57 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbert , S. M. and Peters , E. R. 2002 . Need for closure and jumping-to-conclusions in delusion-prone individuals . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 190 : 27 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbert , S. M. , Peters , E. R. and Garety , P. A. 2006 . Need for closure and anxiety in delusions: A longitudinal investigation in early psychosis . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 44 : 1385 – 1396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs , D. R. , Adams , S. D. , Penn , D. L. , Roberts , D. , Tiegreen , J. and Stem , P. 2007 . Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) for inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Preliminary findings . Schizophrenia Research , 91 : 112 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley , R. E. , John , C. H. , Young , A. W. and Over , D. E. 1997 . Normal and abnormal reasoning in people with delusions . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 36 : 243 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellett , L. , Freeman , D. and Garety , P. A. 2008 . The psychological effect of an urban environment on individuals with persecutory delusions: The Camberwell walk study . Schizophrenia Research , 99 : 77 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , D. 2007 . Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions . Clinical Psychology Review , 27 : 425 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , D. , Garety , P. , Kuipers , E. , Colbert , S. , Jolley , S. Fowler , D. 2006 . Delusions and decision-making style: Use of the Need for Closure Scale . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 44 : 1147 – 1158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garety , P. A. and Freeman , D. 1999 . Cognitive approaches to delusions: A critical review of theories and evidence . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 38 : 113 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garety , P. A. , Freeman , D. , Jolley , S. , Dunn , G. , Bebbington , P. E. Fowler , D. G. 2005 . Reasoning, emotions, and delusional conviction in psychosis . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 114 : 373 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garety , P. A. , Hemsley , D. R. and Wessely , S. 1991 . Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients: Biases in performance on a probabilistic interference task . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 179 : 194 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , M. F. 1996 . What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 ( 3 ) : 321 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guadagnoli , E. and Velicer , W. F. 1988 . Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddock , G. , McCarron , J. , Tarrier , N. and Faragher , E. 1999 . Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: The psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS) . Psychological Medicine , 29 : 879 – 889 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs , R. W. and Zakzanis , K. K. 1998 . Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence . Neuropsychology , 12 : 426 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolley , S. , Garety , P. , Bebbington , P. , Dunn , G. , Freeman , D. Kuipers , E. 2006 . Attributional style in psychosis—the role of affect and belief type . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 44 : 1597 – 1607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , S. R. , Opler , L. A. and Lindenmayer , J.-P. 1989 . The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Rationale and standardisation . British Journal of Psychiatry , 155 ( Suppl. 7 ) : 59 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Kinderman , P. and Bentall , R. P. 1997 . Causal attributions in paranoia and depression: Internal, personal, and situational attributions for negative events . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 341 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinderman , P. , Dunbar , G. and Bentall , R. P. 1998 . Theory-of-mind deficits and causal attributions . British Journal of Psychology , 89 : 191 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinderman , P. , Kaney , S. , Morley , S. and Bentall , R. P. 1992 . Paranoia and the defensive attributional style: Deluded and depressed patients' attributions about their own attributions . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 65 : 371 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kircher , T. T. , Koch , K. , Stottmeister , F. and Durst , V. 2007 . Metacognition and reflexivity in patients with schizophrenia . Psychopathology , 40 : 254 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinge , R. 2006 Untersuchung qualitativer Auffälligkeiten im schlussfolgernden Denken bei Schizophrenie [Investigation of qualitative reasoning abnormalities in schizophrenia] . Hamburg, , Germany : University of Hamburg .
   Google Scholar
• Klosterkötter , J. 1992 . The meaning of basic symptoms for the genesis of the schizophrenic nuclear syndrome . Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology , 46 : 609 – 630 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krstev , H. , Jackson , H. and Maude , D. 1999 . An investigation of attributional style in first-episode psychosis . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 38 : 181 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Küpper , R. , Klinge , R. , Randjbar , S. , Hottenrott , B. , Jelinek , L. , van Os , J. , et al. 2009 . Lack of awareness for the “jumping to conclusions” bias in schizophrenia . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Landa , Y. , Silverstein , S. M. , Schwartz , F. and Savitz , A. 2006 . Cognitive behavioral therapy for delusions: Helping patients improve reality testing . Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy , 36 : 9 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Lehrl , S. 1995 . Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest: MWT-B , 3rd Rev. ed Balingen, , Germany : PERIMED-spitta .
   Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment , 3rd ed , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln , T. M. , Lange , J. , Burau , J. , Exner , C. , & Moritz , S. in press The effect of state-anxiety on paranoid ideation and jumping to conclusions: An experimental investigation . Schizophrenia Bulletin .
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln , T. M. , Mehl , S. , Exner , C. , Lindenmeyer , J. , & Rief , W. in press Attributional style and persecutory delusions: Evidence for an event independent and state specific external-personal attribution bias for social situations . Cognitive Therapy and Research .
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln , T. M. , Mehl , S. , Ziegler , M. , Kesting , M.-L. , Exner , C. , & Rief , W. in press Is fear of others linked to an uncertain sense of self: The relevance of self-worth, interpersonal self-concepts and dysfunctional beliefs to paranoia . Behavior Therapy
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln , T. M. , Ziegler , M. , Mehl , S. , & Rief , W. in press The impact of delusional status on jumping-to-conclusions and the ability to adapt decisions to consequences . Journal of Abnormal Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Maher , B. A. 1999 . Anomalous experience in everyday life: Its significance for psychopathology . Monist , 82 : 547 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , J. A. and Penn , D. L. 2002 . Attributional style in schizophrenia: An investigation in outpatients with and without persecutory delusions . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 28 : 131 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mass , R. , Schoemig , T. , Hitschfeld , K. , Wall , E. and Haasen , C. 2000 . Psychopathological syndromes of schizophrenia: Evaluation of the dimensional structure of the positive and negative syndrome scale . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 26 : 167 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , R. , Langdon , R. and Coltheart , M. 2007 . Jumping to delusions? Paranoia, probabilistic reasoning, and need for closure . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 12 : 362 – 376 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon , M. , Mizrahi , R. and Kapur , S. 2008 . “Jumping to conclusions” and delusions in psychosis: Relationship and response to treatment . Schizophrenia Research , 98 : 225 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon , M. , Pomarol-Clotet , E. , McKenna , P. J. and McCarthy , R. A. 2006 . Probabilistic reasoning in schizophrenia: A comparison of the performance of deluded and nondeluded schizophrenic patients and exploration of possible cognitive underpinnings . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 11 : 521 – 536 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merrin , J. , Kinderman , P. and Bentall , R. P. 2007 . “Jumping to conclusions” and attributional style in persecutory delusions . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 31 : 741 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. , Ferahli , S. and Naber , D. 2004 . Memory and attention performance in psychiatric patients: Lack of correspondence between clinician-rated and patient-rated functioning with neuropsychological test results . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 10 : 623 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. , Veckenstedt , R. , Randjbar , S. , Vitzthum , F. , Karow , A. , & Lincoln , T. M. in press Course and determinants of self-esteem in schizophrenia during psychiatric treatment . Psychosis .
   Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. , Werner , R. and von Collani , G. 2006 . The inferiority complex in paranoia readdressed: A study with the Implicit Association Test . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 11 : 402 – 435 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moritz , S. and Woodward , T. S. 2004 . Plausibility judgment in schizophrenic patients: Evidence for a liberal acceptance bias . German Journal of Psychiatry , 7 : 66 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. and Woodward , T. S. 2005 . Jumping to conclusions in delusional and non-delusional schizophrenic patients . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 44 : 193 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. and Woodward , T. S. 2006a . The contribution of metamemory deficits to schizophrenia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 115 : 15 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. and Woodward , T. S. 2006b . A generalized bias against disconfirmatory evidence in schizophrenia . Psychiatry Research , 142 : 157 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. and Woodward , T. S. 2007 . Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: From basic research to knowledge translation and intervention . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 20 : 619 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. , Woodward , T. S. , Burlon , M. , Braus , D. F. and Andresen , B. 2007 . Attributional style in schizophrenia: Evidence for a decreased sense of self-causation in currently paranoid patients . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 31 : 371 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. , Woodward , T. S. and Hausmann , D. 2006 . Incautious reasoning as a pathogenetic factor for the development of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 32 : 327 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. , Woodward , T. S. , Jelinek , L. and Klinge , R. 2008 . Memory and metamemory in schizophrenia: A liberal acceptance account of psychosis . Psychological Medicine , 38 : 825 – 832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. , Woodward , T. S. and Rodriguez-Raecke , R. 2006 . Patients with schizophrenia do not produce more false memories than controls but are more confident in them . Psychological Medicine , 36 : 659 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujica-Parodi , L. R. , Corcoran , C. , Greenberg , T. , Sackheim , H. A. and Malaspina , D. 2002 . Are cognitive symptoms mediated by abnormalities in emotional arousal? . CNS Spectrums , 7 : 58 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pawlik , K. 1976 . Dimensionen des Verhaltens. Eine Einführung in die Methodik und Ergebnisse faktorenanalytischer psychologischer Forschung , 3rd Rev. ed Bern, , Switzerland : Hans Huber-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , E. and Garety , P. 2006 . Cognitive functioning in delusions: A longitudinal analysis . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 44 : 481 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , M. J. , Cima , M. J. , Smeets , T. , de Vos , M. , Jelicic , M. and Merckelbach , H. 2007 . Did I say that word or did you? Executive dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients affect memory efficiency, but not source attributions . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 12 : 391 – 411 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. 1992 . Trail Making Test: Manual for administration and scoring , South Tucson, AZ : Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1965 . Society and the adolescent self image , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan , D. V. , Lecrubier , Y. , Sheehan , K. H. , Amorim , P. , Janavs , J. Weiller , E. 1998 . The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 59 ( Suppl. 20 ) : 22 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speechley , W. J. , Whitman , J. C. , & Woodward , T. S. in press The contribution of hypersalience to the “jumping to conclusions” bias associated with delusions in schizophrenia . Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience .
   Google Scholar
• Startup , H. , Freeman , D. and Garety , P. A. 2008 . Jumping to conclusions and persecutory delusions . European Psychiatry , 23 : 457 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dael , F. , Versmissen , D. , Janssen , I. , Myin-Germeys , I. , van Os , J. and Krabbendam , L. 2006 . Data gathering: Biased in psychosis? . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 32 : 341 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Gaag , M. 2006 . A neuropsychiatric model of biological and psychological processes in the remission of delusions and auditory hallucinations . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 32 : S113 – S122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Gaag , M. , Hoffman , T. , Remijsen , M. , Hijman , R. , de Haan , L. van Meijel , B. 2006 . The five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale II: A ten-fold cross-validation of a revised model . Schizophrenia Research , 85 : 280 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velicer , W. F. and Fava , J. L. 1998 . Effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery . Psychological Methods , 3 : 231 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Collani , G. and Herzberg , P. Y. 2003 . Eine revidierte Fassung der deutschsprachigen Skala zum Selbstwertgefühl bei von Rosenberg [A revised German version of Rosenberg's German scale on self-esteem] . Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie , 24 : 3 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodward , T. S. , Buchy , L. , Moritz , S. and Liotti , M. 2007 . A bias against disconfirmatory evidence is associated with delusion proneness in a nonclinical sample . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 33 : 1023 – 1028 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward , T. S. , Mizrahi , R. , Menon , M. and Christensen , B. K. 2009 . Correspondences between theory of mind, jumping to conclusions, neuropsychological measures and the symptoms of schizophrenia . Psychiatry Research , 170 : 119 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward , T. S. , Moritz , S. and Chen , E. Y. 2006 . The contribution of a cognitive bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) to delusions: A study in an Asian sample with first episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders . Schizophrenia Research , 83 : 297 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward , T. S. , Moritz , S. , Cuttler , C. and Whitman , J. C. 2006 . The contribution of a cognitive bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) to delusions in schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28 : 605 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward , T. S. , Moritz , S. , Menon , M. and Klinge , R. 2008 . Belief inflexibility in schizophrenia . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 13 : 267 – 277 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodward , T. S. , Munz , M. , LeClerc , C. and Lecomte , T. 2009 . Change in delusions is associated with change in “jumping to conclusions” . Psychiatry Research , 170 : 124 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar