Bias in favour of self-selected hypotheses is associated with delusion severity in schizophrenia

REFERENCES

• Allen, P., Modinos, G., Hubl, D., Shields, G., Cachia, A., Jardri, R., et al. (2012). Neuroimaging auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: From neuroanatomy to neurochemistry and beyond. Schizophrenia Bulletin. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Ammons, R. B., & Ammons, C. H. (1962). The Quick Test (QT). Missoula, MT: Psychological Test Specialists.
   Google Scholar
• Balzan, R., Delfabbro, P., Galletly, C., & Woodward, T. S. (2012). Over-adjustment or miscomprehension? A re-examination of the jumping to conclusions bias. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 532–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, V., Halligan, P. W., & Ellis, H. D. (2006). Explaining delusions: A cognitive perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall, R. P. (1994). Cognitive biases and abnormal beliefs: Towards a model of persecutory delusions. In A. S. David & J. C. Cutting (Eds.), The neuropsychology of schizophrenia (pp. 337–361). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Conover, W. J., & Iman, R. L. (1981). Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics. The American Statistician, 35, 124–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith, C. (1994). Theory of mind in schizophrenia. In A. S. David & J. C. Cutting (Eds.), The neuropsychology of schizophrenia (pp. 147–161). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Garety, P. A., & Freeman, D. (1999). Cognitive approaches to delusions: A critical review of the evidence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 113–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garety, P. A., Hemsley, D. R., & Wessely, S. (1991). Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients: Biases in performance on a probabilistic inference task. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 194–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. C. (1958). Social class and mental illness. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Huq, S. F., Garety, P. A., & Helmsley, D. R. (1988). Probabalistic judgments in deluded and non-deluded subjects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40, 801–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur, S. (2003). Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: A framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 13–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1997). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test second edition (KBIT 2) manual. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Koehler, D. J. (1994). Hypothesis generation and confidence in judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 461–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle, P. F. (1987). The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle, P. F., Ngan, E. T. N., Duffield, G., Kho, K., & Warren, A. J. (2002). The signs and symptoms of psychotic illness: A rating scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna, P. J. (1991). Memory, knowledge and delusions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159(Suppl. 14), 36–41.
   Google Scholar
• Moritz, S., Kerstan, A., Veckenstedt, R., Randjbar, S., Vitzthum, F., Schmidt, C., et al. (2011). Further evidence for the effectiveness of metacognitive group training in schizophrenia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2005). Jumping to conclusions in delusional and non-delusional schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2007a). Metacognitive training for schizophrenia patients (MCT): A pilot study on feasibility, treatment adherence, and subjective efficacy. German Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 69–78.
   Google Scholar
• Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2007b). Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: From basic research to knowledge translation and intervention. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 619–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, P. (1979). The phenomenology of disordered mental functions. In P. Hill, R. Murray, & A. Thorley (Eds.), Essentials of postgraduate psychiatry (pp. 25–54). London, UK: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rapin, L., Loevenbruck, H., Dohen, M., Metzak, P. D., Whitman, J. C., & Woodward, T. S. (2012). Hyperintensity of functional networks involving voice-selective cortical regions during silent thought in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronis, D. L., & Yates, J. F. (1987). Components of probability judgement accuracy: Individual consistency and effects of subject matter and assessment method. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 40, 193–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, K., Freeman, D., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. (2011). A randomized experimental investigation of reasoning training for people with delusions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 324–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., & Weiller, E., et al. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl. 20), 22–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieck, W. R. (2003). Effects of choice and relative frequency elicitation on overconfidence: Further tests of an exemplar-retrieval model. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 16, 127–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieck, W. R., & Yates, J. F. (2001). Overconfidence effects in category learning: A comparison of connectionist and exemplar memory models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 1003–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniezek, J. A., Paese, P. W., & Switzer, F. S. (1990). The effect of choosing on confidence in choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46, 264–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speechley, W. J., Moritz, S., Ngan, E. T. C., & Woodward, T. S.(2011). Impaired evidence integration and delusions in schizophrenia. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology. doi:10.5127/jep.018411
   Google Scholar
• Speechley, W. J., Whitman, J. C., & Woodward, T. S. (2010). The contribution of hypersalience to the “jumping to conclusions” bias associated with delusions in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 35, 7–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Gaag, M., Hoffman, T., Remijsen, M., Hijman, R., de Haan, L., van Meijel, B., et al. (2006). The five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale II: A ten-fold cross-validation of a revised model. Schizophrenia Research, 85, 280–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Os, J. (2009). A salience dysregulation syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 101–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, H., Freeman, D., Jolley, S., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. (2011). Targeting reasoning biases in delusions: A pilot study of the Maudsley Review Training Programme for individuals with persistent, high conviction delusions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 414–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, F., Allen, P., Aleman, A., Freeman, D., Badcock, J. C., Fernyhough, C., et al. (2012). Cognitive mechanisms in auditory hallucinations: Dimensional approaches and transdiagnostic issues. Schizophrenia Bulletin. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt, N. F. (1976). The Amherst modification of the Hollingshead–Redlich Two-Factor Index of Socioeconomic Status. Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Whitman, J. C., & Woodward, T. S. (2011). Evidence affects hypothesis judgments more if accumulated gradually than if presented instantaneously. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18, 1156–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitman, J. C., & Woodward, T. S. (2012). Self-selection bias in hypothesis comparison. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 118, 216–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, T. S., Moritz, S., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2006). The contribution of a cognitive bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) to delusions: A study in an Asian sample with first episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 83, 297–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, T. S., Moritz, S., Cuttler, C., & Whitman, J. C. (2006). The contribution of a cognitive bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) to delusions in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 605–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, T. S., Munz, M., LeClerc, C., & Lecomte, T. (2009). Change in delusions is associated with change in “jumping to conclusions”. Psychiatry Research, 170, 124–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar