418
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Bottom-up processing of fearful and angry facial expressions is intact in schizophrenia

&
Pages 183-198 | Received 02 Jul 2020, Accepted 08 Mar 2021, Published online: 22 Mar 2021

References

  • Adams Jr, R. B., & Kleck, R. E. (2003). Perceived gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of emotion. Psychological Science, 14(6), 644–647. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1479.x
  • Adams Jr, R. B., & Kleck, R. E. (2005). Effects of direct and averted gaze on the perception of facially communicated emotion. Emotion, 5(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.3
  • Addington, J., & Addington, D. (1998). Facial affect recognition and information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 32(3), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00042-5
  • Aghevli, M. A., Blanchard, J. J., & Horan, W. P. (2003). The expression and experience of emotion in schizophrenia: A study of social interactions. Psychiatry Research, 119(3), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(03)00133-1
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  • Andreasen, N. C. (1983). The scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). University of Iowa.
  • Andreasen, N. C. (1984). Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS). University of Iowa.
  • Bediou, B., Franck, N., Saoud, M., Baudouin, J.-Y., Tiberghien, G., Daléry, J., & d’Amato, T. (2005). Effects of emotion and identity on facial affect processing in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 133(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.08.008
  • Billeke, P., & Aboitiz, F. (2013). Social cognition in schizophrenia: From social stimuli processing to social engagement. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00004
  • Bortolon, C., Capdevielle, D., & Raffard, S. (2015). Face recognition in schizophrenia disorder: A comprehensive review of behavioral, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 53, 79–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.006
  • Brüne, M. (2005). “Theory of mind” in schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi002
  • Butler, P. D., Silverstein, S. M., & Dakin, S. C. (2008). Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 64(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.023. PMID: 18549875; PMCID: PMC2435292
  • Capitão, L. P., Underdown, S. J., Vile, S., Yang, E., Harmer, C. J., & Murphy, S. E. (2014). Anxiety increases breakthrough of threat stimuli in continuous flash suppression. Emotion, 14(6), 1027–1036. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037801
  • Caruana, N., Inkley, C., & El Zein, M. (2020). Gaze direction biases emotion categorisation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 21, 100181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2020.100181
  • Caruana, N., Inkley, C., El Zein, M., & Seymour, K. (2019). No influence of eye gaze on emotional face processing in the absence of conscious awareness. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52728-y
  • Caruana, N., Stein, T., Watson, T., Williams, N., & Seymour, K. (2019). Intact prioritisation of unconscious face processing in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 24(2), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2019.1590189
  • Castle, D. J., Jablensky, A. J., McGrath, J. J., Carr, V. C., Morg, V., Waterreu, A., & Farmers, A. (2006). The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): Development, reliability and applications. Psychological Medicine, 36(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705005969
  • Chan, R. C., Li, H., Cheung, E. F., & Gong, Q. Y. (2010). Impaired facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.035
  • Chen, W. J., & Faraone, S. V. (2000). Sustained attention deficits as markers of genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 97(1), 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(200021)97:1<52::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-6
  • Chen, Y., Norton, D., McBain, R., Ongur, D., & Heckers, S. (2009). Visual and cognitive processing of face information in schizophrenia: Detection, discrimination and working memory. Schizophrenia Research, 107(1), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.09.010
  • Chen, Y., Norton, D., Ongur, D., & Heckers, S. (2007). Inefficient face detection in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(2), 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm071
  • Comparelli, A., De Carolis, A., Emili, E., Rigucci, S., Falcone, I., Corigliano, V., Curto, M., Trovini, G., Dehning, J., Kotzalidis, G. D., & Girardi, P. (2014). Basic symptoms and psychotic symptoms: Their relationships in the at risk mental states, first episode and multi-episode schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(4), 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.01.006
  • Conklin, H. M., Curtis, C. E., Calkins, M. E., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Working memory functioning in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: Cognitive functioning shedding light on etiology. Neuropsychologia, 43(6), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.09.013
  • Darke, H., Peterman, J. S., Park, S., Sundram, S., & Carter, O. (2013). Are patients with schizophrenia impaired in processing non-emotional features of human faces? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00529
  • de Achával, D., Costanzo, E. Y., Villarreal, M., Jáuregui, I. O., Chiodi, A., Castro, M. N., Fahrer, R. D., Leiguarda, R. C., Chu, E. M., & Guinjoan, S. M. (2010). Emotion processing and theory of mind in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Neuropsychologia, 48(5), 1209–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.019
  • Doop, M. L., & Park, S. (2009). Facial expression and face orientation processing in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 170(2-3), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.06.009
  • Edwards, J., Pattison, P. E., Jackson, H. J., & Wales, R. J. (2001). Facial affect and affective prosody recognition in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 48(2-3), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00099-2
  • El Zein, M., Wyart, V., & Grezes, J. (2015). Anxiety dissociates the adaptive functions of sensory and motor response enhancements to social threats. Elife, 4, e10274. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10274
  • Fioravanti, M., Bianchi, V., & Cinti, M. E. (2012). Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: An updated metanalysis of the scientific evidence. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-64
  • First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version, patient edition with psychotic screen (SCID-I/P W/ PSY SCREEN). Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
  • Fletcher, P. C., & Frith, C. (2009). Perceiving is believing: A Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2536
  • Forbes, N., Carrick, L., McIntosh, A., & Lawrie, S. (2009). Working memory in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 39(6), 889–905. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708004558
  • Franck, N., Daprati, E., Michel, F., Saoud, M., Dalery, J., Marie-Cardine, M., & Georgieff, N. (1998). Gaze discrimination is unimpaired in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 81(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00082-1
  • Franck, N., Montoute, T., Labruyere, N., Tiberghien, G., Marie-Cardine, M., Dalery, J., & Georgieff, N. (2002). Gaze direction determination in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 56(3), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00263-8
  • Gayet, S., & Stein, T. (2017). Between-subject variability in the breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm: Potential causes, consequences, and solutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00437
  • Gayet, S., Van der Stigchel, S., & Paffen, C. L. E. (2014). Breaking continuous flash suppression: Competing for consciousness on the pre-semantic battlefield. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00460
  • Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1994). Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia (pp. 71–82). Washington, DC: The Frontal Loves and Neuropsychiatric Illness.
  • Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2015). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(10), 620–631. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn4005
  • Habel, U., Chechko, N., Pauly, K., Koch, K., Backes, V., Seiferth, N., Shah, N. J., Stöcker, T., Schneider, F., & Kellermann, T. (2010). Neural correlates of emotion recognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 122(1), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.06.009
  • Hempel, R. J., Dekker, J. A., van Beveren, N. J. M., Tulen, J. H. M., & Hengeveld, M. W. (2010). The effect of antipsychotic medication on facial affect recognition in schizophrenia: A review. Psychiatry Research, 178(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.07.025
  • Heyman, T., & Moors, P. (2014). Frequent words do not break continuous flash suppression differently from infrequent or nonexistent words: Implications for semantic processing of words in the absence of awareness. Plos One, 9(8), e104719. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104719
  • Hooker, C., & Park, S. (2005). You must be looking at me: The nature of gaze perception in patients with schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 10(5), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800444000083
  • Irani, F., Seligman, S., Kamath, V., Kohler, C., & Gur, R. C. (2012). A meta-analysis of emotion perception and functional outcomes in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 137(1), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.023
  • Jiang, Y., Costello, P., & He, S. (2007). Processing of invisible stimuli: Advantage of upright faces and recognizable words in overcoming interocular suppression. Psychological Science, 18(4), 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01902.x
  • Keane, B. P., Paterno, D., Kastner, S., & Silverstein, S. M. (2016). Visual integration dysfunction in schizophrenia arises by the first psychotic episode and worsens with illness duration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(4), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000157
  • Kee, K. S., Green, M. F., Mintz, K., & Brekke, J. S. (2003). Is emotion processing a predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(3), 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007021
  • King, D. J., Hodgekins, J., Chouinard, P. A., Chouinard, V. A., & Sperandio, I. (2017). A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(3), 734–751. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1168-5
  • Kohler, C. G., Turner, T. H., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S. J., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2003). Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: Intensity effects and error pattern. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(10), 1768–1774. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1768
  • Kohler, C. G., Walker, J. B., Martin, E. A., Healey, K. M., & Moberg, P. J. (2010). Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(5), 1009–1019. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn192
  • Kring, A. M., Siegel, E. H., & Barrett, L. F. (2014). Unseen affective faces influence person perception judgments in schizophrenia. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536161
  • Langdon, R., Coltheart, M., Ward, P., & Catts, S. (2002). Disturbed communication in schizophrenia: The role of poor pragmatics and poor theory-of-mind. Psychological Medicine, 32(7), 1273–1284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006396
  • Langdon, R., Connors, M. H., & Connaughton, E. (2014). Social cognition and social judgment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 1(4), 171–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2014.10.001
  • Langner, O., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D. H. J., Hawk, S. T., & van Knippenberg, A. (2010). Presentation and validation of the radboud faces database. Cognition & Emotion, 24(8), 1377–1388. Pii 93002027510.1080/02699930903485076. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903485076
  • Lee, J., & Park, S. (2005). Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 599–611. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.599
  • Mandal, M. K., Pandey, R., & Prasad, A. B. (1998). Facial expressions of emotions and schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(3), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033335
  • Marsh, P. J., Langdon, R., Harris, A., & Coltheart, M. (2013). The case for social-cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: A life well lived is more than remission from psychosis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(6), 512–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867413479066
  • Marwick, K., & Hall, J. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: A review of face processing. British Medical Bulletin, 88(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldn035
  • Mason, L., Peters, E. R., Dima, D., Williams, S. C., & Kumari, V. (2016). Cognitive behavioral therapy normalizes functional connectivity for social threat in psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(3), 684–692. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv153
  • Moritz, S., Kerstan, A., Veckenstedt, R., Randjbar, S., Vitzthum, F., Schmidt, C., Heise, M., & Woodward, T. S. (2011). Further evidence for the efficacy of a metacognitive group training in schizophrenia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(3), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.010
  • Nelson, H., & Willison, J. (1991). The revised national adult reading test (NART) – test manual (2nd ed.). NFER- Nelson.
  • Oberauer, K. (2019). Working memory and attention – a conceptual analysis and review. Journal of Cognition, 2(1), 36–36. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.58
  • Oliver, L. D., Mao, A., & Mitchell, D. G. V. (2015). “Blindsight” and subjective awareness of fearful faces: Inversion reverses the deficits in fear perception associated with core psychopathic traits. Cognition and Emotion, 29(7), 1256–1277. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.976182
  • Palmer, C. J., Caruana, N., Clifford, C. W. G., & Seymour, K. J. (2018a). Adaptive sensory coding of gaze direction in schizophrenia. Royal Society Open Science, 5(12), 180886. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180886
  • Palmer, C. J., Caruana, N., Clifford, C. W. G., & Seymour, K. J. (2018b). Perceptual integration of head and eye cues to gaze direction in schizophrenia. Royal Society Open Science, 5(12), 180885. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180885
  • Penn, D. L., Spaulding, W., Reed, D., & Sullivan, M. (1996). The relationship of social cognition to ward behaviour in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 20(3), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(96)00010-2
  • Pinkham, A. E., Brensinger, C., Kohler, C., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2011). Actively paranoid patients with schizophrenia over attribute anger to neutral faces. Schizophrenia Research, 125(2), 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.006
  • Pinkham, A. E., & Penn, D. L. (2006). Neurocognitive and social cognitive predictors of interpersonal skill in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 143(2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.09.005
  • Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., Green, M. F., & Harvey, P. D. (2016). Social cognition psychometric evaluation: Results of the initial psychometric study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(2), 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv056
  • Premkumar, P., Cooke, M. A., Fannon, D., Peters, E., Michel, T. M., Aasen, I., Murray, R. M., Kuipers, E., & Kumari, V. (2008). Misattribution bias of threat-related facial expressions is related to a longer duration of illness and poor executive function in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. European Psychiatry, 23(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.004
  • Rice, M. L., Leske, D. A., Smestad, C. E., & Holmes, J. M. (2008). Results of ocular dominance testing depend on assessment method. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 12(4), 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2008.01.017
  • Rosse, R. B., Kendrick, K., Wyatt, R. J., Isaac, A., & Deutsch, S. I. (1994). Gaze discrimination in patients with schizophrenia: Preliminary report. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Jun; 151(6), 919–921. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.6.919.
  • Sander, D., Grandjean, D., Kaiser, S., Wehrle, T., & Scherer, K. R. (2007). Interaction effects of perceived gaze direction and dynamic facial expression: Evidence for appraisal theories of emotion. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 470–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440600757426
  • Savla, G. N., Vella, L., Armstrong, C. C., Penn, D. L., & Twamley, E. W. (2013). Deficits in domains of social cognition in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(5), 979–992. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs080
  • Seymour, K., Rhodes, G., McGuire, J., Williams, N., Jeffery, L., & Langdon, R. (2017). Assessing early processing of eye gaze in schizophrenia: Measuring the cone of direct gaze and reflexive orienting of attention. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 22(2), 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2017.1285755
  • Seymour, K., Rhodes, G., Stein, T., & Langdon, R. (2016). Intact unconscious processing of eye contact in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 3, 15–19. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.scog.2015.11.001
  • Silverstein, S. M. (2016). The neuropsychopathology of schizophrenia (pp. 77–132).
  • Stein, T., Hebart, M. N., & Sterzer, P. (2011). Breaking continuous flash suppression: A new measure of unconscious processing during interocular suppression? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00167
  • Stein, T., Senju, A., Peelen, M. V., & Sterzer, P. (2011). Eye contact facilitates awareness of faces during interocular suppression. Cognition, 119(2), 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.008
  • Stein, T., Seymour, K., Hebart, M. N., & Sterzer, P. (2014). Rapid fear detection relies on high spatial frequencies. Psychological Science, 25(2), 566–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613512509
  • Tsuchiya, N., & Koch, C. (2005). Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages. Nature Neuroscience, 8(8), 1096–1101. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1500
  • Tsuchiya, N., Moradi, F., Felsen, C., Yamazaki, M., & Adolphs, R. (2009). Intact rapid detection of fearful faces in the absence of the amygdala. Nature Neuroscience, 12(10), 1224–1225. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2380
  • Uhlhaas, P. J., & Mishara, A. L. (2006). Perceptual anomalies in schizophrenia: Integrating phenomenology and cognitive neuroscience. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(1), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl047
  • Weiss, E. M., Kohler, C. G., Brensinger, C. M., Bilker, W. B., Loughead, J., Delazer, M., & Nolan, K. A. (2007). Gender differences in facial emotion recognition in persons with chronic schizophrenia. European Psychiatry, 22(2), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.05.003
  • Wölwer, W., & Frommann, N. (2011). Social-cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Generalization of effects of the training of affect recognition (TAR). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(Suppl_2), S63–S70. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr071
  • Yang, E., Zald, D. H., & Blake, R. (2007). Fearful expressions gain preferential access to awareness during continuous flash suppression. Emotion, 7(4), 882–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.882
  • Zhan, M., Hortensius, R., & de Gelder, B. (2015). The body as a tool for anger awareness–differentia effects of angry facial and bodily expressions on suppression from awareness. Plos One, 10(10), e0139768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139768. (Accession No. 26469878).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.