218
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Biochemical markers in preclinical models of osteoporosis

, , &
Pages 266-286 | Received 29 Sep 2006, Published online: 08 Oct 2008

References

  • Alatalo SL, Peng Z, Janckila AJ, Kaija H, Vihko P, Vaananen HK, Halleen JM. A novel immunoassay for the determination of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b from rat serum. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2003; 18: 134–139
  • Apone S, Lee MY, Eyre DR. Osteoclasts generate cross-linked collagen N-telopeptides (NTx) but not free pyridinolines when cultured on human bone. Bone 1997; 21: 129–136
  • Aubin JE. Advances in the osteoblast lineage. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 1998a; 76: 899–910
  • Aubin JE. Bone stem cells. Journal of Cell Biochemistry Supplement 1998b; 30–31: 73–82
  • Aubin JE. Regulation of osteoblast formation and function. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 2001; 2: 81–94
  • Baddeley AJ, Gundersen HJ, Cruz-Orive LM. Estimation of surface area from vertical sections. Journal of Microscopy 1986; 142: 259–276
  • Baldock PA, Need AG, Moore RJ, Durbridge TC, Morris HA. Discordance between bone turnover and bone loss: effects of aging and ovariectomy in the rat. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999; 14: 1442–1448
  • Barbier A, Martel C, De Vernejoul MC, Tirode F, Nys M, Mocaer G, Morieux C, Murakami H, Lacheretz F. The visualization and evaluation of bone architecture in the rat using three-dimensional X-ray microcomputed tomography. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 1999; 17: 37–44
  • Baron R, Neff L, Louvard D, Courtoy PJ. Cell-mediated extracellular acidification and bone resorption: evidence for a low pH in resorbing lacunae and localization of a 100-kD lysosomal membrane protein at the osteoclast ruffled border. Journal of Cell Biology 1985; 101: 2210–2222
  • Bauss F, Lalla S, Endele R, Hothorn LA. Effects of treatment with ibandronate on bone mass architecture biomechanical properties and bone concentration of ibandronate in ovariectomized aged rats. Journal of Rheumatology 2002; 29: 2200–2208
  • Bellows CG, Aubin JE, Heersche JN, Antosz ME. Mineralized bone nodules formed in vitro from enzymatically released rat calvaria cell populations. Calcified Tissue International 1986; 38: 143–154
  • Binkley N, Dahl DB, Engelke J, Kawahara-Baccus T, Krueger D, Colman RJ. Bone loss detection in rats using a mouse densitometer. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2003; 18: 370–375
  • Blavier L, Delaisse JM. Matrix metalloproteinases are obligatory for the migration of preosteoclasts to the developing marrow cavity of primitive long bones. Journal of Cell Science 1995; 108: 3649–3659
  • Bollerslev J, Andersen PE, Jr. Fracture patterns in two types of autosomal-dominant osteopetrosis. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1989; 60: 110–112
  • Brown JP, Delmas PD, Malaval L, Edouard C, Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ. Serum bone Gla-protein: a specific marker for bone formation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 1984; 1: 1091–1093
  • Broyles DL, Nielsen RG, Bussett EM, Lu WD, Mizrahi IA, Nunnelly PA, Ngo TA, Noell J, Christenson RH, Kress BC. Analytical and clinical performance characteristics of Tandem-MP Ostase: a new immunoassay for serum bone alkaline phosphatase. Clinical Chemistry 1998; 44: 2139–2147
  • Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Morony S, Tarpley J, Capparelli C, Scully S, Tan L, Xu W, Lacey DL, Boyle J, Simonet WS. Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes & Development 1998; 12: 1260–1268
  • Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Roggia C, Namba N, Novack D, Woodring J, Pacifici R. Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by enhancing T-cell production of TNF-alpha. Journal of Clinical Investigations 2000; 106: 1229–1237
  • Chaki O, Yoshikata I, Kikuchi R, Nakayama M, Uchiyama Y, Hirahara F, Gorai I. The predictive value of biochemical markers of bone turnover for bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000; 15: 1537–1544
  • Chapurlat RD, Garnero P, Breart G, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD. Serum estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin and the risk of hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000; 15: 1835–1841
  • Chiusaroli R, Sanjay A, Henriksen K, Engsig MT, Horne WC, Gu H, Baron R. Deletion of the gene encoding c-Cbl alters the ability of osteoclasts to migrate delaying resorption and ossification of cartilage during the development of long bones. Developmental Biology 2003; 261: 537–547
  • Collet P, Uebelhart D, Vico L, Moro L, Hartmann D, Roth M, Alexandre C. Effects of 1- and 6-month spaceflight on bone mass and biochemistry in two humans. Bone 1997; 20: 547–551
  • Cooper C. 2003. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. In: The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research's Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. New York: Lippincontt-Raven. p. 307–314.
  • Corboz VA, Cecchini MG, Felix R, Van Der Fleisch HPG, Lowick CW. Effect of macrophage colony-stimulating factor on in vitro osteoclast generation and bone resorption. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 437–442
  • Davey RA, Morris HA. The effects of salmon calcitonin-induced hypocalcemia on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. Journal of Bone & Mineral Metabolism 2005; 23: 359–365
  • De Jong DS, Steegenga WT, Hendriks JM, Van Zoelen EJ, Olijve W, Dechering KJ. Regulation of Notch signaling genes during BMP2-induced differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2004; 320: 100–107
  • Delmas PD, Malaval L, Arlot ME, Meunier PJ. Serum bone Gla-protein compared to bone histomorphometry in endocrine diseases. Bone 1985; 6: 339–341
  • Dempster DW, Birchman R, Xu R, Lindsay R, Shen V. Temporal changes in cancellous bone structure of rats immediately after ovariectomy. Bone 1995; 16: 157–161
  • Dempster DW, Cosman F, Parisien M, Shen V, Lindsay R. Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone. Endocrine Review 1993; 14: 690–709
  • Dieudonne SC, Foo P, Van Zoelen EJ, Burger EH. Inhibiting and stimulating effects of TGF-beta 1 on osteoclastic bone resorption in fetal mouse bone organ cultures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1991; 6: 479–487
  • Drake FH, Dodds RA, James IE, Connor JR, Debouck C, Richardson S, Lee-Rykaczewski E, Coleman L, Rieman D, Barthlow R, Hastings G, Gowen M. Cathepsin K but not cathepsins B L or S is abundantly expressed in human osteoclasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996; 271: 12511–12516
  • Eghbali-Fatourechi GZ, Lamsam J, Fraser D, Nagel D, Riggs BL, Khosla S. Circulating osteoblast-lineage cells in humans. New England Journal of Medicine 2005; 352: 1959–1966
  • Engsig MT, Chen QJ, Vu TH, Pedersen AC, Therkidsen B, Lund LR, Henriksen K, Lenhard T, Foged NT, Werb Z, Delaisse JM. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor are essential for osteoclast recruitment of developing long bones. Journal of Cell Biology 2000a; 151: 879–889
  • Engsig MT, Kirkegaard T, Henriksen K, Pedersen AC, Ovejero MC, Birkedal-Hansen HK, Foged NT, Delaisse JM. 2000b. Osteoclast recruitment is regulated by Membrane-Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15:S182 (abstract).
  • Erben RG. Skeletal effects of androgen withdrawal. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions 2001; 1: 225–233
  • Eriksen EF. Normal and pathological remodeling of human trabecular bone: three dimensional reconstruction of the remodeling sequence in normals and in metabolic bone disease. Endocrine Review 1986; 7: 379–408
  • Everts V, Korper W, Jansen DC, Steinfort J, Lammerse I, Heera S, Docherty AJ, Beertsen W. Functional heterogeneity of osteoclasts: matrix metalloproteinases participate in osteoclastic resorption of calvarial bone but not in resorption of long bone. FASEB Journal 1999; 13: 1219–1230
  • Frolik CA, Bryant HU, Black EC, Magee DE, Chandrasekhar S. Time-dependent changes in biochemical bone markers and serum cholesterol in ovariectomized rats: effects of raloxifene HCl tamoxifen estrogen and alendronate. Bone 1996; 18: 621–627
  • Furuyama N, Fujisawa Y. Regulation of collagenolytic protease secretion through c-Src in osteoclasts. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications 2000; 272: 116–124
  • Gao Y, Qian WP, Dark K, Toraldo G, Lin AS, Guldberg RE, Flavell RA, Weitzmann MN, Pacifici R. Estrogen prevents bone loss through transforming growth factor beta signaling in T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2004; 101: 16618–16623
  • Garnero P, Ferreras M, Karsdal MA, Nicamhlaoibh R, Risteli J, Borel O, Qvist P, Delmas PD, Foged NT, Delaisse JM. The type I collagen fragments ICTP and CTX reveal distinct enzymatic pathways of bone collagen degradation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2003; 18: 859–867
  • Garnero P, Gineyts E, Schaffer AV, Seaman J, Delmas PD. Measurement of urinary excretion of nonisomerized and beta-isomerized forms of type I collagen breakdown products to monitor the effects of the bisphosphonate zoledronate in Paget's disease. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1998; 41: 354–360
  • Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Claustrat B, Delmas PD. Biochemical markers of bone turnover endogenous hormones and the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women: the OFELY study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000; 15: 1526–1536
  • Garrett IR. Assessing bone formation using mouse calvarial organ cultures. Methods in Molecular Medicine 2003; 80: 183–198
  • Garrett IR, Chen D, Gutierrez G, Zhao M, Escobedo A, Rossini G, Harris SE, Gallwitz W, Kim KB, Hu S, Crews CM, Mundy GR. Selective inhibitors of the osteoblast proteasome stimulate bone formation in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigations 2003; 111: 1771–1782
  • Gelb BD, Shi GP, Chapman HA, Desnick RJ. Pycnodysostosis a lysosomal disease caused by cathepsin K deficiency. Science 1996; 273: 1236–1238
  • Gertz BJ, Clemens JD, Holland SD, Yuan W, Greenspan S. Application of a new serum assay for type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides: assessment of diurnal changes in bone turnover with and without alendronate treatment. Calcified Tissue International 1998; 63: 102–106
  • Glatt M, Pataki A, Evans GP, Hornby SB, Green JR. Loss of vertebral bone and mechanical strength in estrogen-deficient rats is prevented by long-term administration of zoledronic acid. Osteoporosis International 2004; 15: 707–715
  • Gopala KV, Arunakaran J, Govindarajulu P, Srinivasan N. Effects of estradiol and progesterone on vertebral collagen glycosaminoglycans and phosphatases in ovariectomized adult rats. Hormone & Metabolic Research 2003; 35: 137–141
  • Gowen M, Lazner F, Dodds R, Kapadia R, Feild J, Tavaria M, Bertoncello I, Drake F, Zavarselk S, Tellis I, Hertzog P, Debouck C, Kola I. Cathepsin K knockout mice develop osteopetrosis due to a deficit in matrix degradation but not demineralization. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999; 14: 1654–1663
  • Gundberg CM. Biochemical markers of bone formation. Cliniacl & Laboratory Medicine 2000; 20: 489–501
  • Gundersen HJ, Bagger P, Bendtsen TF, Evans SM, Korbo L, Marcussen N, Moller A, Nielsen K, Nyengaard JR, Pakkenberg B. The new stereological tools: dissector, fractionator, nucleator and point sampled intercepts and their use in pathological research and diagnosis. APMIS 1988; 96: 857–881
  • Halleen JM, Alatalo SL, Suominen H, Chen GS, Janckila AJ, Vaananen HK. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b: a novel serum marker of bone resorption. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000; 15: 1337–1345
  • Halleen JM, Hentunen TA, Karp M, Kakonen SM, Pettersson K, Vaananen HK. Characterization of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and development of a direct two-site immunoassay. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1998; 13: 683–687
  • Halleen JM, Karp M, Viloma S, Laaksonen P, Hellman J, Kakonen SM, Stepan JJ, Holmes S, Vaananen H, Pettersson K. Two-site immunoassays for osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase based on characterization of six monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999; 14: 464–469
  • Hannan MT, Felson DT, Dawson-Hughes B, Tucker KL, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Kiel DP. Risk factors for longitudinal bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000; 15: 710–720
  • Hanson DA, Weis MA, Bollen AM, Maslan SL, Singer FR, Eyre DR. A specific immunoassay for monitoring human bone resorption: quantitation of type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides in urine. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1992; 7: 1251–1258
  • Hauge E, Mosekilde L, Melsen F. Missing observations in bone histomorphometry on osteoporosis: implications and suggestions for an approach. Bone 1999; 25: 389–395
  • Hauge EM, Mosekilde L, Melsen F, Frydenberg M. How many patients are needed? Variation and design considerations in bone histomorphometry. Bone 2001; 28: 556–562
  • Henriksen K, Gram J, Schaller S, Dahl BH, Dziegel MH, Bollerslev J, Karsdal MA. Characterization of Osteoclasts from Patients Harboring a G215R Mutation in ClC-7 Causing Autosomal Dominant Osteopetrosis type II. American Journal of Pathology 2004; 164: 1537–1545
  • Henriksen K, Gram J, Hoegh-Andersen P, Jemtland R, Ueland T, Dziegel MH, Schaller S, Bollerslev J, Karsdal MA. Osteoclasts from patients with autosomal dominant osteoporosis type I caused by a T253I mutation in low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 are normal in vitro but have decreased resorption capacity in vivo. American Journal of Pathology 2005; 167: 1341–1348
  • Henriksen K, Karsdal M, Delaisse JM, Engsig MT. RANKL and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induce osteoclast chemotaxis through an ERK1/2-dependent mechanism. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003; 278: 48745–48753
  • Henriksen K, Sorensen MG, Nielsen RH, Gram J, Schaller S, Dziegel MH, Everts V, Bollerslev J, Karsdal MA. Degradation of the organic phase of bone by osteoclasts: a secondary role for lysosomal acidification. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2006; 21: 58–66
  • Hoegh-Andersen P, Tanko LB, Andersen TL, Lundberg CV, Mo JA, Heegaard AM, Delaisse JM, Christgau S. Ovariectomized rats as a model of postmenopausal osteoarthritis: validation and application. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2004; 6: R169–R180
  • Hofstetter W, Wetterwald A, Cecchini MC, Felix R, Fleisch H, Mueller C. Detection of transcripts for the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor c-fms in murine osteoclasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1992; 89: 9637–9641
  • Holzer G, Noske H, Lang T, Holzer L, Willinger U. Soluble cathepsin K: a novel marker for the prediction of nontraumatic fractures?. Journal of Laboratory & Clinical Medicine 2005; 146: 13–17
  • Hornby SB, Evans GP, Hornby SL, Pataki A, Glatt M, Green JR. Long-term zoledronic acid treatment increases bone structure and mechanical strength of long bones of ovariectomized adult rats. Calcified Tissue International 2003; 72: 519–527
  • Iida-Klein A, Lu SS, Yokoyama K, Dempster DW, Nieves JW, Lindsay R. Precision accuracy and reproducibility of dual X-ray absorptiometry measurements in mice in vivo. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 2003; 6: 25–33
  • Ishikawa T, Nishigaki F, Christgau S, Noto T, Mo J, From N, Minoura K, Hirayama Y, Ohkubo Y, Mutoh S. Cartilage destruction in collagen induced arthritis assessed with a new biochemical marker for collagen type II C-telopeptide fragments. Journal of Rheumatology 2004; 31: 1174–1179
  • Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y. Interventions to prevent bone loss in astronauts during space flight. Keio Journal of Medicine 2005; 54: 55–59
  • Jiang Y, Zhao J, White DL, Genant HK. Micro CT and Micro MR imaging of 3D architecture of animal skeleton. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions 2000; 1: 45–51
  • Kamel HK. Male osteoporosis: new trends in diagnosis and therapy. Drugs & Aging 2005; 22: 741–748
  • Kang Q, An YH, Friedman RF. Mechanical properties and bone densities of canine trabecular bone. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine 1998; 9: 263–267
  • Karsdal MA, Andersen TA, Bonewald L, Christiansen C. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) safeguard osteoblasts from apoptosis during transdifferentiation into osteocytes: MT1-MMP maintains osteocyte viability. DNA Cell Biology 2004; 23: 155–165
  • Karsdal MA, Fjording MS, Foged NT, Delaisse JM, Lochter A. Transforming growth factor-beta-induced osteoblast elongation regulates osteoclastic bone resorption through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase- and matrix metalloproteinase-dependent pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2001; 276: 39350–39358
  • Karsdal MA, Henriksen K, Sorensen MG, Gram J, Schaller S, Dziegel MH, Heegaard AM, Christophersen P, Martin TJ, Christiansen C, Bollerslev J. Acidification of the osteoclastic resorption compartment provides insight into the coupling of bone formation to bone resorption. American Journal of Pathology 2005; 166: 467–476
  • Karsdal MA, Hjorth P, Henriksen K, Kirkegaard T, Nielsen KL, Lou H, Delaisse JM, Foged NT. Transforming growth factor-beta controls human osteoclastogenesis through the p38 MAPK and regulation of RANK expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003; 278: 44975–44987
  • Karsdal MA, Larsen L, Engsig MT, Lou H, Ferreras M, Lochter A, Delaisse JM, Foged NT. Matrix metalloproteinase-dependent activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta controls the conversion of osteoblasts into osteocytes by blocking osteoblast apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002; 277: 44061–44067
  • Kawazoe Y, Shiba T, Nakamura R, Mizuno A, Tsutsumi K, Uematsu T, Yamaoka M, Shindoh M, Kohgo T. Induction of calcification in MC3T3-E1 cells by inorganic polyphosphate. Journal of Dentistry Research 2004; 83: 613–618
  • Ke HZ, Paralkar VM, Grasser WA, Crawford DT, Qi H, Simmons HA, Pirie CM, Chidsey-Frink KL, Owen TA, Smock SL, Chen HK, Jee WS, Cameron KO, Rosati RL, Brown TA, Dasilva-Jardine P, Thompson DD. Effects of CP-336 156 a new nonsteroidal estrogen agonist/antagonist on bone serum cholesterol uterus and body composition in rat models. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 2068–2076
  • Ke HZ, Qi H, Chidsey-Frink KL, Crawford DT, Thompson DD. Lasofoxifene (CP-336 156) protects against the age-related changes in bone mass bone strength and total serum cholesterol in intact aged male rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2001; 16: 765–773
  • Ke HZ, Qi H, Crawford DT, Chidsey-Frink KL, Simmons HA, Thompson DD. Lasofoxifene (CP-336 156) a selective estrogen receptor modulator prevents bone loss induced by aging and orchidectomy in the adult rat. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 1338–1344
  • Kippo K, Hannuniemi R, Isaksson P, Lauren L, Osterman T, Peng Z, Tuukkanen J, Kuurtamo P, Vaananen HK, Sellman R. Clodronate prevents osteopenia and loss of trabecular connectivity in estrogen-deficient rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1998; 13: 287–296
  • Lacey DL, Tan HL, Lu J, Kaufman S, Van G, Qiu W, Rattan A, Scully S, Fletcher F, Juan T, Kelley M, Burgess TL, Boyle WJ, Polverino AJ. Osteoprotegerin ligand modulates murine osteoclast survival in vitro and in vivo. American Journal of Pathology 2000; 157: 435–448
  • Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Kelley MJ, Dunstan CR, Burgess T, Elliott R, Colombero A, Elliott G, Scully S, Hsu H, Sullivan J, Hawkins N, Davy E, Capparelli C, Eli A, Qian YX, Kaufman S, Sarosi I, Shalhoub V, Senaldi G, Guo J, Delaney J, Boyle WJ. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 1998; 93: 165–176
  • Lang T, Leblanc A, Evans H, Lu Y, Genant H, Yu A. Cortical and trabecular bone mineral loss from the spine and hip in long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004; 19: 1006–1012
  • Lark MW, Stroup GB, James IE, Dodds RA, Hwang SM, Blake SM, Lechowska BA, Hoffman SJ, Smith BR, Kapadia R, Liang X, Erhard K, Ru Y, Dong X, Marquis RW, Veber D, Gowen M. A potent small molecule nonpeptide inhibitor of cathepsin K (SB 331750) prevents bone matrix resorption in the ovariectomized rat. Bone 2002; 30: 746–753
  • Lazner F, Gowen M, Pavasovic D, Kola I. Osteopetrosis and osteoporosis: two sides of the same coin. Human & Molecular Genetics 1999; 8: 1839–1846
  • Leeming DJ, Koizumi M, Byrjalsen I, Li B, Qvist P, Tanko LB. The relative use of eight collagenous and noncollagenous markers for diagnosis of skeletal metastases in breast prostate or lung cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiology. Biomarkers & Prevention 2006; 15: 32–38
  • Leloup G, Delaisse JM, Vaes G. Relationship of the plasminogen activator/plasmin cascade to osteoclast invasion and mineral resorption in explanted fetal metatarsal bones. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1994; 9: 891–902
  • Li YP, Chen W, Liang Y, Li E, Stashenko P. Atp6i-deficient mice exhibit severe osteopetrosis due to loss of osteoclast-mediated extracellular acidification. Nature Genetics 1999; 23: 447–451
  • Liesegang A. Possibilities of monitoring bone metabolism in ruminants – an overview of the methods in use. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum 2003; 97: 23–28
  • Liu CC, Kalu DN, Salerno E, Echon R, Hollis BW, Ray M. Preexisting bone loss associated with ovariectomy in rats is reversed by parathyroid hormone. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1991; 6: 1071–1080
  • Ljusberg J, Wang Y, Lang P, Norgard M, Dodds R, Hultenby K, Ek-Rylander B, Andersson G. Proteolytic excision of a repressive loop domain in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase by cathepsin K in osteoclasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005; 280: 28370–28381
  • Looker AC, Orwoll ES, Johnston CC, Jr, Lindsay RL, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Calvo MS, Harris TB, Heyse SP. Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHANES III. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1997; 12: 1761–1768
  • Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocrine Review 2000; 21: 115–137
  • Massey HM, Flanagan AM. Human osteoclasts derive from CD14-positive monocytes. British Journal of Haematology 1999; 106: 167–170
  • Meier C, Meinhardt U, Greenfield JR, De Winter J, Nguyen TV, Dunstan CR, Seibel MJ. Serum cathepsin K concentrations reflect osteoclastic activity in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and patients with Paget's disease. Clinical Laboratory 2006; 52: 1–10
  • Midy V, Plouet J. Vasculotropin/vascular endothelial growth factor induces differentiation in cultured osteoblasts. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications 1994; 199: 380–386
  • Moisio KC, Podolskaya G, Barnhart B, Berzins A, Sumner DR. pQCT provides better prediction of canine femur breaking load than does DXA. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions 2003; 3: 240–245
  • Mundy G, Garrett R, Harris S, Chan J, Chen D, Rossini G, Boyce B, Zhao M, Gutierrez G. Stimulation of bone formation in vitro and in rodents by statins. Science 1999; 286: 1946–1949
  • Munns CF, Rauch F, Travers R, Glorieux FH. Three children with lower limb fractures and a mineralization defect: a novel bone fragility disorder?. Bone 2004; 35: 1023–1028
  • Nefussi JR, Boy-Lefevre ML, Boulekbache H, Forest N. Mineralization in vitro of matrix formed by osteoblasts isolated by collagenase digestion. Differentiation 1985; 29: 160–168
  • Niikura K, Takeshita N, Takano M. A vacuolar ATPase inhibitor FR167356 prevents bone resorption in ovariectomized rats with high potency and specificity: potential for clinical application. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2005; 20: 1579–1588
  • Nishi Y, Atley L, Eyre DE, Edelson JG, Superti-Furga A, Yasuda T, Desnick RJ, Gelb BD. Determination of bone markers in pycnodysostosis: effects of cathepsin K deficiency on bone matrix degradation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999; 14: 1902–1908
  • Nordstrom T, Rotstein OD, Romanek R, Asotra S, Heersche JN, Manolson MF, Brisseau GF, Grinstein S. Regulation of cytoplasmic pH in osteoclasts. Contribution of proton pumps and a proton-selective conductance. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1995; 270: 2203–2212
  • Nuttall ME, Bradbeer JN, Stroup GB, Nadeau DP, Hoffman SJ, Zhao H, Rehm S, Gowen M. Idoxifene: a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator prevents bone loss and lowers cholesterol levels in ovariectomized rats and decreases uterine weight in intact rats. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 5224–5234
  • Ogasawara T, Kawaguchi H, Jinno S, Hoshi K, Itaka K, Takato T, Nakamura K, Okayama H. Bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced osteoblast differentiation requires Smad-mediated down-regulation of Cdk6. Molecular & Cell Biology 2004; 24: 6560–6568
  • Okabe R, Inaba M, Nakatsuka K, Miki T, Naka H, Moriguchi A, Nishizawa Y. Significance of serum CrossLaps as a predictor of changes in bone mineral density during estrogen replacement therapy; comparison with serum carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen and urinary deoxypyridinoline. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2004; 22: 127–131
  • Onoe Y, Miyaura C, Ito M, Ohta H, Nozawa S, Suda T. Comparative effects of estrogen and raloxifene on B lymphopoiesis and bone loss induced by sex steroid deficiency in mice. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000; 15: 541–549
  • Palosaari H, Tasanen K, Risteli J, Larmas M, Salo T, Tjaderhane L. Baseline expression and effect of TGF-beta 1 on type I and III collagen mRNA and protein synthesis in human odontoblasts and pulp cells in vitro. Calcified Tissue International 2001; 68: 122–129
  • Parfitt AM. The coupling of bone formation to bone resorption: a critical analysis of the concept and of its relevance to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Metabolic Bone Disease & Related Research 1982; 4: 1–6
  • Parfitt AM, Drezner MK, Glorieux FH, Kanis JA, Malluche H, Meunier PJ, Ott SM, Recker RR. Bone histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature symbols and units. Report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1987a; 2: 595–610
  • Parfitt AM, Simon LS, Villanueva AR, Krane SM. Procollagen type I carboxy-terminal extension peptide in serum as a marker of collagen biosynthesis in bone. Correlation with Iliac bone formation rates and comparison with total alkaline phosphatase. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1987b; 2: 427–436
  • Parikka V, Lehenkari P, Sassi ML, Halleen J, Risteli J, Harkonen P, Vaananen HK. Estrogen reduces the depth of resorption pits by disturbing the organic bone matrix degradation activity of mature osteoclasts. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 5371–5378
  • Peretz A, Siderova V, Body JJ, Dumon JC, Rozenberg S, Fellemans C, Fuss M, Bergmann P. Response to alendronate in osteoporotic women previously treated with pamidronate. Maturitas 2003; 44: 111–115
  • Pogoda P, Priemel M, Schilling AF, Gebauer M, Catala-Lehnen P, Barvencik F, Beil FT, Munch C, Rupprecht M, Muldner C, Rueger JM, Schinke T, Amling M. Mouse models in skeletal physiology and osteoporosis: experiences and data on 14 839 cases from the Hamburg Mouse Archives. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism (Suppl) 2005; 23: 97–102
  • Priemel M, Schilling AF, Haberland M, Pogoda P, Rueger JM, Amling M. Osteopenic mice: animal models of the aging skeleton. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions 2002; 2: 212–218
  • Rawadi G, Vayssiere B, Dunn F, Baron R, Roman-Roman S. BMP-2 controls alkaline phosphatase expression and osteoblast mineralization by a Wnt autocrine loop. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2003; 18: 1842–1853
  • Rhee Y, Won YY, Baek MH, Lim SK. Maintenance of increased bone mass after recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1–84) with sequential zoledronate treatment in ovariectomized rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004; 19: 931–937
  • Rico H, Valencia MJ, Villa LF, Hernandez ER, Seco C, Sanchez-Atrio A, Revilla M. Calcitonin versus clodronate in the prevention of ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in rats. Clinical Rheumatology 2000; 19: 47–50
  • Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ III. A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1998; 13: 763–773
  • Rissanen JP, Reponen JJ, Hirsinummi R, Ravanti L, Kallio PJ, Halleen JM. The Ratio of Osteoclast Activity/Ostoclast Number (CTX/TRACP 5b) is a Useful Parameter in Rat Orchidectomy Model. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2005a; 20: SU161 (abstract)
  • Rissanen JP, Suutari S, Ylönen S, Baugh M, Long C, Halleen JM. The Ratio of Osteoclast Activity/Osteoclast Number (CTX/TRACP 5b) Improves the Interpretation of the Effects of Anti-Resorptive Treatment in Human Osteoclast Cultures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :S) 2005b; 20: U290(abstract
  • Robins SP, Woitge H, Hesley R, Ju J, Seyedin S, Seibel MJ. Direct enzyme-linked immunoassay for urinary deoxypyridinoline as a specific marker for measuring bone resorption. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1994; 9: 1643–1649
  • Rodan GA. The development and function of the skeleton and bone metastases. Cancer 2003; 97: 726–732
  • Rodan GA, Martin TJ. Therapeutic approaches to bone diseases. Science 2000; 289: 1508–1514
  • Roggia C, Gao Y, Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Toraldo G, Isaia G, Pacifici R. Up-regulation of TNF-producing T cells in the bone marrow: a key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 2001; 98: 13960–13965
  • Roodman GD. Cell biology of the osteoclast. Experimental Hematology 1999; 27: 1229–1241
  • Rosenquist C, Fledelius C, Christgau S, Pedersen BJ, Bonde M, Qvist P, Christiansen C. Serum CrossLaps One Step ELISA. First application of monoclonal antibodies for measurement in serum of bone-related degradation products from C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen. Clinical Chemistry 1998; 44: 2281–2289
  • Rosenquist C, Qvist P, Bjarnason N, Christiansen C. Measurement of a more stable region of osteocalcin in serum by ELISA with two monoclonal antibodies. Clinical Chemistry 1995; 41: 1439–1445
  • Scane AC, Francis RM, Sutcliffe AM, Francis MJ, Rawlings DJ, Chapple CL. Case-control study of the pathogenesis and sequelae of symptomatic vertebral fractures in men. Osteoporosis International 1999; 9: 91–97
  • Schaller S, Henriksen K, Sveigaard C, Heegaard A, Hélix N, Stahlhut M, Ovejero MC, Johansen JV, Solberg H, Andersen TL, Hougaard D, Shiøt CB, Sørensen BH, Lichtenberg J, Christophersen P, Foged NT, Delaissé J, Engsig MT, Karsdal MA. The chloride channel inhibitor NS3736 prevents bone resorption in ovariectomized rats without changing bone formation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004; 19: 1144–1153
  • Schaller S, Henriksen K, Hoegh-Andersen P, Sondergaard BC, Sumer EU, Tanko LB, Qvist P, Karsdal MA. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo methodological approaches for studying therapeutic targets of osteoporosis and degenerative joint diseases: how biomarkers can assist?. Assay and Drug Development Technologies 2005; 3: 553–580
  • Schilling AF, Priemel M, Timo BF, Haberland M, Holzmann T, Catala-Lehnen P, Pogoda P, Blicharski D, Muldner C, Locherbach C, Rueger JM, Amling M. Transgenic and knock out mice in skeletal research. Towards a molecular understanding of the mammalian skeleton. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions 2001; 1: 275–289
  • Seyedin SM, Kung VT, Daniloff YN, Hesley RP, Gomez B, Nielsen LA, Rosen HN, Zuk RF. Immunoassay for urinary pyridinoline: the new marker of bone resorption. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1993; 8: 635–641
  • Shaama FA. An in vitro comparison of implant materials cell attachment cytokine and osteocalcin production. West Indian Medical Journal 2005; 54: 250–256
  • Shalhoub V, Elliott G, Chiu L, Manoukian R, Kelley M, Hawkins N, Davy E, Shimamoto G, Beck J, Kaufman SA, Van G, Scully S, Qi M, Grisanti M, Dunstan C, Boyle WJ, Lacey DL. Characterization of osteoclast precursors in human blood. British Journal of Haematology 2000; 111: 501–512
  • Shen V, Birchman R, Wu DD, Lindsay R. Skeletal effects of parathyroid hormone infusion in ovariectomized rats with or without estrogen repletion. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000; 15: 740–746
  • Shorey S, Heersche JN, Manolson MF. The relative contribution of cysteine proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases to the resorption process in osteoclasts derived from long bone and scapula. Bone 2004; 35: 909–917
  • Shui C, Scutt A. Mild heat shock induces proliferation alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization in human bone marrow stromal cells and Mg-63 cells in vitro. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2001; 16: 731–741
  • Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Kelley M, Chang MS, Luthy R, Nguyen HQ, Wooden S, Bennett L, Boone T, Shimamoto G, Derose M, Elliott R, Colombero A, Tan HL, Trail G, Sullivan J, Davy E, Bucay N, Renshaw-Gegg L, Hughes TM, Hill D, Pattison W, Campbell P, Sander S, Van G, Tarpley J, Derby P, Lee R, Boyle WJ. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997; 89: 309–319
  • Sondergaard BC, Henriksen K, Wulf H, Oestergaard S, Schurigt U, Bauer R, Danielsen I, Christiansen C, Qvist P, Karsdal MA. 2006a. Relative contribution of matrix metalloprotease and cysteine protease activities to cytokine-stimulated articular cartilage degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14: 738–748
  • Sondergaard BC, Wulf H, Henriksen K, Schaller S, Oestergaard S, Qvist P, Tanko LB, Bagger YZ, Christiansen C, Karsdal MA. 2006b. Calcitonin directly attenuates collagen type II degradation by inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity in articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14: 759–768
  • Srivastava AK, Bhattacharyya S, Castillo G, Wergedal J, Mohan S, Baylink DJ. Development and application of a serum C-telopeptide and osteocalcin assay to measure bone turnover in an ovariectomized rat model. Calcified Tissue International 2000; 66: 435–442
  • Srivastava AK, Libanati C, Lane N, Baylink DJ. Development of a synthetic peptide-based tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of bone resorption in rat serum. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2002; 20: 66–72
  • Stroup GB, Lark MW, Veber DF, Bhattacharyya A, Blake S, Dare LC, Erhard KF, Hoffman SJ, James IE, Marquis RW, Ru Y, Vasko-Moser JA, Smith BR, Tomaszek T, Gowen M. Potent and selective inhibition of human cathepsin K leads to inhibition of bone resorption in vivo in a nonhuman primate. Journal of Bone and Mineral Reserach 2001; 16: 1739–1746
  • Suvanto-Luukkonen E, Risteli L, Sundstrom H, Penttinen J, Kauppila A, Risteli J. Comparison of three serum assays for bone collagen formation during postmenopausal estrogen-progestin therapy. Clinica Chimica Acta 1997; 266: 105–116
  • Takahashi M, Wehrli FW, Wehrli SL, Hwang SN, Lundy MW, Hartke J, Borah B. Effect of prostaglandin and bisphosphonate on cancellous bone volume and structure in the ovariectomized rat studied by quantitative three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999; 14: 680–689
  • Teramura K, Fukushima S, Iwai T, Nozaki K, Kokubo S, Takahashi K. Incadronate inhibits osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 457: 51–56
  • Torricelli P, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Giardino R, Gnudi S, Nicolini A, Carpi A. L-arginine and L-lysine stimulation on cultured human osteoblasts. Biomedical Pharmacotherapy 2002; 56: 492–497
  • Traianedes K, Dallas MR, Garrett IR, Mundy GR, Bonewald LF. 5-Lipoxygenase metabolites inhibit bone formation in vitro. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 3178–3184
  • Trechsel U, Stutzer A, Fleisch H. Hypercalcemia induced with an arotinoid in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. New model to study bone resorption in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigations 1987; 80: 1679–1686
  • Turner RT, Evans GL, Wakley GK. Mechanism of action of estrogen on cancellous bone balance in tibiae of ovariectomized growing rats: inhibition of indices of formation and resorption. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1993; 8: 359–366
  • Tuukkanen J, Koivukangas A, Jamsa T, Sundquist K, Mackay CA, Marks SC, Jr. Mineral density and bone strength are dissociated in long bones of rat osteopetrotic mutations. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000; 15: 1905–1911
  • Valenta A, Roschger P, Fratzl-Zelman N, Kostenuik PJ, Dunstan CR, Fratzl P, Klaushofer K. Combined treatment with PTH (1–34) and OPG increases bone volume and uniformity of mineralization in aged ovariectomized rats. Bone 2005; 37: 87–95
  • Vanderschueren D, Van Herck E, Suiker AM, Visser WJ, Schot LP, Bouillon R. Bone and mineral metabolism in aged male rats: short and long term effects of androgen deficiency. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 2906–2916
  • Vesterby A, Gundersen HJ, Melsen F. Unbiased stereological estimation of osteoid and resorption fractional surfaces in trabecular bone using vertical sections: sampling efficiency and biological variation. Bone 1987; 8: 333–337
  • Visentin L, Dodds RA, Valente M, Misiano P, Bradbeer JN, Oneta S, Liang X, Gowen M, Farina C. A selective inhibitor of the osteoclastic V-H(+)-ATPase prevents bone loss in both thyroparathyroidectomized and ovariectomized rats. Journal of Clinical Investigations 2000; 106: 309–318
  • Wakley GK, Schutte HD, Jr, Hannon KS, Turner RT. Androgen treatment prevents loss of cancellous bone in the orchidectomized rat. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1991; 6: 325–330
  • Weinstein RS, Jilka RL, Parfitt AM, Manolagas SC. The effects of androgen deficiency on murine bone remodeling and bone mineral density are mediated via cells of the osteoblastic lineage. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 4013–4021
  • Wu J, Wang XX, Chiba H, Higuchi M, Takasaki M, Ohta A, Ishmi Y. Combined intervention of exercise and genistein prevented androgen deficiency-induced bone loss in mice. Journal of Applied Physiology 2003; 94: 335–342
  • Yasuma T, Oi S, Choh N, Nomura T, Furuyama N, Nishimura A, Fujisawa Y, Sohda T. Synthesis of peptide aldehyde derivatives as selective inhibitors of human cathepsin L and their inhibitory effect on bone resorption. Journal of Medical Chemistry 1998; 41: 4301–4308
  • Ylipahkala H, Rissanen J, Väänänen HK, Halleen JM. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases 5b is a marker of osteoclast number in human osteoclast cultures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2005a; 20: SU303(abstract)
  • Ylipahkala H, Vääräniemi J, Fagerlund KM, Rissanen J, Alatalo SL, Vaananen HK, Halleen JM. 2005b. A possible role for cathepsin K as a regulator of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in osteoclasts. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20:SU272, (abstract).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.