Study on the daily Ad Libitum smoking habits of active Korean smokers and their effect on urinary smoking exposure and impact biomarkers

References

• Ahijevych, K., and Parsley, L.A., 1999. Smoke constituent exposure and stage of change in black and white women cigarette smokers. Addictive behaviors, 24 (1), 115–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleton, S., et al., 2015. Effect of cigarette design on biomarkers of exposure, puffing topography and respiratory parameters. Inhalation toxicology, 27 (3), 174–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benowitz, N. L., Hukkanen, J., and Jacob, P., III, 2009. Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers. In: J.E. Henningfield, E.D. London, and S. Pogun, eds. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 29–60.
   Google Scholar
• Benowitz, N.L., et al., 1986. Influence of smoking fewer cigarettes on exposure to tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. The New England journal of medicine, 315 (21), 1310–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benowitz, N.L., et al., 2018. Comparison of urine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3)Pyridyl-1-Butanol and cotinine for assessment of active and passive smoke exposure in urban adolescents. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention, 27 (3), 254–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benowitz, N.L., et al., 2003. Nicotine metabolite ratio as a predictor of cigarette consumption. Nicotine & tobacco research, 5 (5), 621–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, S., et al., 2015. Smoking topography in Korean American and white men: preliminary findings. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 17 (3), 860–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counts, M.E., et al., 2004. Mainstream smoke constituent yields and predicting relationships from a worldwide market sample of cigarette brands: ISO smoking conditions. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology, 39 (2), 111–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jesus, S., et al., 2015. A systematic review and analysis of data reduction techniques for the CReSS smoking topography device. Journal of smoking cessation, 10 (1), 12–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempsey, D., et al., 2004. Nicotine metabolite ratio as an index of cytochrome P450 2A6 metabolic activity. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 76 (1), 64–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerstrom, K.O., and Schneider, N.G., 1989. Measuring nicotine dependence: a review of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. Journal of behavioral medicine, 12 (2), 159–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fix, B.V., et al., 2017. Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (NMR) prospectively predicts smoking relapse: longitudinal findings from ITC surveys in five countries. Nicotine & tobacco research, 19 (9), 1040–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, M., Fernandez, E., Martínez-Sánchez, J.M., Pascual, J.A., Schiaffino, A., Agudo, A., Ariza, C., Borràs, J.M., and Samet, J.M., 2009. Salivary cotinine concentrations in daily smokers in Barcelona, Spain: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health, 9 (1), 320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grainge, M.J., et al., 2009. First cigarette on waking and time of day as predictors of puffing behaviour in UK adult smokers. Drug and alcohol dependence, 101 (3), 191–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter, R., et al., 2020. Cigarette smoking in South Korea: a narrative review. Korean journal of family medicine, 41 (1), 3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habibagahi, A., Alderman, N., and Kubwabo, C., 2020. A review of the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco and vaping products. Analytical methods: advancing methods and applications, 12 (35), 4276–4302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J.Y., et al., 2001. CT measurement of diameter and dimension of the trachea in normal Korean adults. Journal of chest surgery, 34 (7), 534–538.
   Google Scholar
• Jacob, P., III., et al., 2011. Determination of the nicotine metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine in biologic fluids of smokers and non-smokers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: biomarkers for tobacco smoke exposure and for phenotyping cytochrome P450 2A6 activity. Journal of chromatography. B, analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 879 (3–4), 267–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, A.M., et al., 2005. Relationships between cigarette consumption and biomarkers of tobacco toxin exposure. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention, 14 (12), 2963–2968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• June, K.M., et al., 2012. Influence of measurement setting and home smoking policy on smoking topography. Addictive behaviors, 37 (1), 42–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., and Yu, S., 2018. Smoking topography among Korean smokers: intensive smoking behavior with larger puff volume and shorter interpuff interval. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15 (5), 1024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, 2020. The Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII). Available from: https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/main.do.
   Google Scholar
• Lerman, C., et al., 2006. Nicotine metabolite ratio predicts efficacy of transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Clinical pharmacology & therapeutics, 79 (6), 600–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lüdicke, F., et al., 2016. Evaluation of biomarkers of exposure in smokers switching to a carbon-heated tobacco product: a controlled, randomized, open-label 5-day exposure study. Nicotine & tobacco research, 18 (7), 1606–1613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luepker, R. V., 2021. Smoking and vaping. In: N.D. Wong, E.A. Amsterdam, and P.P. Toth, eds. ASPC manual of preventive cardiology. Cham: Springer, 149–162.
   Google Scholar
• Lyall, V., et al., 2020. “They were willing to work with me and not pressure me”: a qualitative investigation into the features of value of a smoking cessation in pregnancy program for aboriginal and Torres Strait islander women. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18 (1), 49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, M., et al., 2013. Smoking topography and biomarkers of exposure among Japanese smokers: associations with cigarette emissions obtained using machine smoking protocols. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 18 (2), 95–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2017. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety announces the content of harmful ingredients in cigarettes and e-cigarettes at the government level. Available from: https://www.mfds.go.kr/brd/m_99/view.do?seq=36783 [Accessed 19 Jul 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, J.C., et al., 2017. How people think about the chemicals in cigarette smoke: a systematic review. Journal of behavioral medicine, 40 (4), 553–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima, M., and Yokoi, T., 2005. Interindividual variability in nicotine metabolism: C-oxidation and glucuronidation. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 20 (4), 227–235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radakrishnan, A., et al., 2021. "Are we gonna talk about it or not?" Thoracic oncology provider perspectives on smoking cessation?. The journal of surgical research, 258, 422–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick, S.F., et al., 2017. Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 313 (3), L425–L452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. Helen, G., Jacob, P., III., and Benowitz, N.L., 2013. Stability of the nicotine metabolite ratio in smokers of progressively reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Nicotine & tobacco research, 15 (11), 1939–1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, C.E., et al., 2020. Urinary cotinine is as good a biomarker as serum cotinine for cigarette smoking exposure and lung cancer risk prediction. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention, 29 (1), 127–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations, 2015. Goal 3 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available from: https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal3 [Accessed 8 Jan 2021].
   Google Scholar
• van Waateringe, R.P., et al., 2017. The association between various smoking behaviors, cotinine biomarkers and skin autofluorescence, a marker for advanced glycation end product accumulation. PLOS one, 12 (6), e0179330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vock, P., et al., 1984. CT Assessment of the adult intrathoracic cross section of the trachea. Journal of computer assisted tomography, 8 (6), 1076–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO, 2019. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J.M., et al., 2011. Shorter interpuff interval is associated with higher nicotine intake in smokers with schizophrenia. Drug and alcohol dependence, 118 (2–3), 313–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., et al., 2020. Korean male active smokers: quantifying their smoking habits and the transformation factor among biomarkers in urine and blood. Biomarkers: biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals, 25 (8), 659–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J.-M., et al., 2014. Urinary tobacco smoke-constituent biomarkers for assessing risk of lung cancer. Cancer research, 74 (2), 401–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar