Disparities in the provision of public parks in neighbourhoods with varied Latino composition in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

References

• Baas, J. M., A. Ewert, and D. J. Chavez. 1993. “Influence of Ethnicity on Recreation and Natural Environment Use Patterns: Managing Recreation Sites for Ethnic and Racial Diversity.” Environmental Management 17 (4): 523–529. doi: 10.1007/BF02394667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolin, B., J. Declet-Barreto, M. Hegmon, L. Meierotto, and A. York. 2013. “Double Exposure in the Sunbelt: The Sociospatial Distribution of Vulnerability in Phoenix, Arizona.” In Urbanization and Sustainability, Human-Environment Interactions, 159–178. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bolund, P., and S. Hunhammar. 1999. “Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas.” Ecological Economics 29 (2): 293–301. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00013-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruton, C. M., and M. F. Floyd. 2014. “Disparities in Built and Natural Features of Urban Parks: Comparisons by Neighborhood Level Race/Ethnicity and Income.” Journal of Urban Health 91 (5): 894–907. doi: 10.1007/s11524-014-9893-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, J., and J. Wolch. 2009. “Nature, Race, and Parks: Past Research and Future Directions for Geographic Research.” Progress in Human Geography 33 (6): 743–765. doi: 10.1177/0309132509103156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ca, V. T., T. Asaeda, and E. M. Abu. 1998. “Reductions in air Conditioning Energy Caused by a Nearby Park.” Energy and Buildings 29 (1): 83–92. doi: 10.1016/S0378-7788(98)00032-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper, J. M., M. G. Harrolle, and K. Kelley. 2013. “Gender Differences in Self-Report Physical Activity and Park and Recreation Facility Use among Latinos in Wake County, North Carolina.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 45 (1): 49–54. doi: 10.1007/s12160-012-9435-9
   Google Scholar
• Chang, C.-R., S.-D. Chang, and M.-H. Li. 2007. “A Preliminary Study on the Local Cool-Island Intensity of Taipei City Parks.” Landscape and Urban Planning 80 (4): 386–395. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiesura, A. 2004. “The Role of Urban Parks for the Sustainable City.” Landscape and Urban Planning 68 (1): 129–138. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• City of Mesa. 2015. “Parks, Recreation and Community Facilities.” Parks and Recreation Department, Last Modified November 15, 2015. Accessed April 21, 2016. http://www.mesaparks.com/.
   Google Scholar
• City of Phoenix. 2015. “Parks and Recreation.” Parks and Recreation Department, Last Modified October, 2015. Accessed April 2, 2016. https://www.phoenix.gov/parks.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, D., B. Han, C. Nagel, P. Harnik, T. Mckenzie, K. Evenson, T. Marsh, S. Williamson, C. Vaughan, and S. Katta. 2016. “The First National Study of Neighborhood Parks.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 51 (4): 419–426. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, D., T. Mckenzie, A. Sehgal, S. Williamson, D. Golinelli, and N. Lurie. 2007. “Contribution of Public Parks to Physical Activity.” American Journal of Public Health 97: 509–514. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton, J. L. 2004. The Proximate Principle: The Impact of Parks, Open Space and Water Features on Residential Property Values and the Property tax Base. Ashburn, VA: National Recreation and Park Association.
   Google Scholar
• Cronan, M. K., K. J. Shinew, I. Schneider, S. A. Stanis, and D. Chavez. 2008. “Physical Activity Patterns and Preferences among Latinos in Different Types of Public Parks.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health 5 (6): 894–908. doi: 10.1123/jpah.5.6.894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crutcher, M., and M. Zook. 2009. “Placemarks and Waterlines: Racialized Cyberscapes in Post-Katrina Google Earth.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 40 (4): 523–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutts, B. B., K. J. Darby, C. G. Boone, and A. Brewis. 2009. “City Structure, Obesity, and Environmental Justice: An Integrated Analysis of Physical and Social Barriers to Walkable Streets and Park Access.” Social Science & Medicine 69 (9): 1314–1322. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darrel, J. G., S. L. Harlan, W. L Stefanov, and C. A. Martin 2011. “Ecosystem Services and Urban Heat Riskscape Moderation: Water, Green Spaces, and Social Inequality in Phoenix, USA.” Ecological Applications 21 (7): 2637–2651. doi: 10.1890/10-1493.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, K. 2006. “Active Living and Social Justice: Planning for Physical Activity in low-Income, Black, and Latino Communities.” Journal of the American Planning Association 72 (1): 88–99. doi: 10.1080/01944360608976726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Declet-Barreto, J., A. J. Brazel, C. A. Martin, W. T. L. Chow, and S. L. Harlan. 2013. “Creating the Park Cool Island in an Inner-City Neighborhood: Heat Mitigation Strategy for Phoenix, az.” Urban Ecosystems 16 (3): 617–635. doi: 10.1007/s11252-012-0278-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estabrooks, P., R. Lee, and N. Gyurcsik. 2003. “Resources for Physical Activity Participation: Does Availability and Accessibility Differ by Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status?.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 25: 100–104. doi: 10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, J. J., G. C. Gee, and M. Jones. 2016. “A Critical Race Theory Analysis of Public Park Features in Latino Immigrant Neighborhoods.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13 (2): 397–411. doi: 10.1017/S1742058X16000187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti, B., M. Broomhall, M. Knuiman, C. Collins, K. Douglas, K. Ng, A. Lange, and R. Donovan. 2005a. “Increasing Walking: How Important is Distance to Attractiveness and Size of Public Open Space?” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28 (supplement 2): 169–176. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti, B., A. Timperio, F. Bull, and T. Pikora. 2005b. “Understanding Physical Activity Environmental Correlates: Increased Specificity for Ecological Models.” Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 33: 175–181. doi: 10.1097/00003677-200510000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, S. E., J. F. Handley, A. R. Ennos, and S. Pauleit. 2007. “Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure.” Built Environment 33 (1): 115–133. doi: 10.2148/benv.33.1.115
   Google Scholar
• Han, B., D. A. Cohen, K. P. Derose, J. Li, and S. Williamson. 2018. “Violent Crime and Park Use in low-Income Urban Neighborhoods.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 54 (3): 352–358. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.10.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haq, S. M. A. 2011. “Urban Green Spaces and an Integrative Approach to Sustainable Environment.” Journal of Environmental Protection 2 (5): 601–608. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.25069
   Google Scholar
• Hewko, J., K. E. Smoyer-Tomic, and M. J. Hodgson. 2002. “Measuring Neighbourhood Spatial Accessibility to Urban Amenities: Does Aggregation Error Matter?” Environment and Planning A 34 (7): 1185–1206. doi: 10.1068/a34171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtan, M. T., S. L. Dieterlen, and W. C. Sullivan. 2015. “Social Life Under Cover: Tree Canopy and Social Capital in Baltimore, Maryland.” Environment and Behavior 47 (5): 502–525. doi: 10.1177/0013916513518064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughey, S. M., K. M. Walsemann, S. Child, A. Powers, J. A. Reed, and A. T. Kaczynski. 2016. “Using an Environmental Justice Approach to Examine the Relationships Between Park Availability and Quality Indicators, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Racial/Ethnic Composition.” Landscape and Urban Planning 148: 159–169. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram, M., A. Adkins, K. Hansen, V. Cascio, and E. Somnez. 2017. “Sociocultural Perceptions of Walkability in Mexican American Neighborhoods: Implications for Policy and Practice.” Journal of Transport & Health 7: 172–180. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2017.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, G., H. Yuen, E. Rose, A. Maher, K. Gregory, and M. Cotton. 2015. “Disparities in Quality of Park Play Spaces Between Two Cities with Diverse Income and Race/Ethnicity Composition: A Pilot Study.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (7): 8009–8022. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120708009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. P., J. Brainard, I. J. Bateman, and A. A. Lovett. 2009. “Equity of Access to Public Parks in Birmingham, England.” Environmental Research Journal 3 (2-3): 237–256.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph, R. P., and J. E. Maddock. 2016. “Observational Park-Based Physical Activity Studies: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Preventive Medicine 89 (Supplement C): 257–277. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.06.016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaczynski, A. T., and K. A. Henderson. 2007. “Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity: A Review of Evidence about Parks and Recreation.” Leisure Sciences 29: 315–354. doi: 10.1080/01490400701394865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczynski, A. T., M. J. Koohsari, S. A. Wilhelm Stanis, R. Bergstrom, and T. Sugiyama. 2014. “Association of Street Connectivity and Road Traffic Speed with Park Usage and Park-Based Physical Activity.” American Journal of Health Promotion 28: 197–203. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.120711-QUAN-339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamel, A. A., P. B. Ford, and A. T. Kaczynski. 2014. “Disparities in Park Availability, Features, and Characteristics by Social Determinants of Health Within a U.S.–Mexico Border Urban Area.” Preventive Medicine 69 (Supplement): S111–S13. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lara-Valencia, F., and H. Garcia-Perez. Forthcoming. “Three Ecologies of the Urban Environment and the Health of Latinx Communities.” In New and Emerging Issues in Latinx Health, edited by A. D. Martinez and S. D. Rhodes. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A. 1995. “Urban Form and Social Context: Cultural Differentiation in the Uses of Urban Parks.” Journal of Plannning Educaction Research 14: 89–102. doi: 10.1177/0739456X9501400202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas, J., R. Verheij, P. Groenewegen, S. De Vries, and P. Spreeuwenberg. 2006. “Green Space, Urbanity, and Health: How Strong is the Relation?” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 60 (7): 587–592. doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.043125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macintyre, S. 2007. “Deprivation Amplification Revisited; or, Is It Always True That Poorer Places Have Poorer Access to Resources for Healthy Diets and Physical Activity?” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 4 (1): 32. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mccormack, G. R., M. Rock, A. M. Toohey, and D. Hignell. 2010. “Characteristics of Urban Parks Associated with Park use and Physical Activity: A Review of Qualitative Research.” Health & Place 16: 712–726. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcpherson, E. G., D. Nowak, G. Heisler, S. Grimmond, C. Souch, R. Grant, and R. Rowntree. 1997. “Quantifying Urban Forest Structure, Function, and Value: The Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project.” Urban Ecosystems 1 (1): 49–61. doi: 10.1023/A:1014350822458
   Google Scholar
• Moore, L. V., A. V. Diez Roux, K. R. Evenson, A. P. Mcginn, and S. J. Brines. 2008. “Availability of Recreational Resources in Minority and low Socioeconomic Status Areas.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34 (1): 16–22. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morancho, A. B. 2003. “A Hedonic Valuation of Urban Green Areas.” Landscape and Urban Planning 66: 35–41. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00093-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel, C. L., N. E. Carlson, M. Bosworth, and Y. L. Michael. 2008. “The Relation Between Neighborhood Built Environment and Walking Activity among Older Adults.” American Journal of Epidemiology 168 (4): 461–468. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, A. A., G. M. Besenyi, A. T. Kaczynski, S. A. Wilhelm Stanis, C. E. Blake, and D. J. Barr-Anderson. 2015. “Investigating Issues of Environmental Injustice in Neighborhoods Surrounding Parks.” Journal of Leisure Research 47 (2): 285–303. doi: 10.1080/00222216.2015.11950361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincetl, S., J. Wolch, J. Wilson, and T. Longcore. 2003. “ Toward a Sustainable Los Angeles: A ‘Nature’s Services’ Approach.” 1–54: Center for Sustainable Cities, University of Southern California.
   Google Scholar
• Pulido, L. 2000. “Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (1): 12–40. doi: 10.1111/0004-5608.00182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roovers, P., M. Hermy, and H. Gulinck. 2002. “Visitor Profile, Perceptions and Expectations in Forests from a Gradient of Increasing Urbanisation in Central Belgium.” Landscape and Urban Planning 59 (3): 129–145. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00011-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundle, A. G., M. D. M. Bader, C. A. Richards, K. M. Neckerman, and J. O. Teitler. 2011. “Using Google Street View to Audit Neighborhood Environments.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40 (1): 94–100. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer, P. M. 2006. Benefits of Parks: Why America Needs More City Parks and Open Space. San Francisco, CA: Trust for Public Land.
   Google Scholar
• Sister, C., J. Wolch, and J. Wilson. 2010. “Got Green? Addressing Environmental Justice in Park Provision.” Geo Journal 75 (3): 229–248.
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen, M., V. Barzetti, K. Keipi, and J. Williams. 1998. Manejo de las áreas verdes urbanas. Washington, D.C.: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
   Google Scholar
• Stodolska, M., K. J. Shinew, J. C. Acevedo, and D. Izenstark. 2011. “Perceptions of Urban Parks as Havens and Contested Terrains by Mexican-Americans in Chicago Neighborhoods.” Leisure Sciences 33 (2): 103–126. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2011.550220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suminski, R. R., E. K. Connolly, L. E. May, J. Wasserman, N. Olvera, and R. E. Lee. 2012. “Park Quality in Racial/Ethnic Minority Neighborhoods.” Environmental Justice 5 (6): 271–278. doi: 10.1089/env.2012.0013
   Google Scholar
• Talen, E. 1997. “The Social Equity of Urban Service Distribution an Exploration of Park Access in Pueblo, Colorado, and Macon, Georgia.” Urban Geography 18 (6): 521–541. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.18.6.521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talen, E. 2010. “The Spatial Logic of Parks.” Journal of Urban Design 15 (4): 473–491. doi: 10.1080/13574809.2010.502335
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, B. T., P. Fernando, A. E. Bauman, A. Williamson, J. C. Craig, and S. Redman. 2011. “Measuring the Quality of Public Open Space Using Google Earth.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40 (2): 105–112. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tienda, M., and N. Fuentes. 2014. “Hispanics in Metropolitan America: New Realities and old Debates.” Annual Review of Sociology 40: 499. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census. 2010. “ 2010 Census.” https://factfinder.census.gov/: U.S. Census Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census. 2016. “ 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates.” https://factfinder.census.gov/: U.S. Census Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, K. B., A. T. Kaczynski, S. A. Wilhelm Stanis, G. M. Besenyi, R. Bergstrom, and K. M. Heinrich. 2013. “Exploring the Distribution of Park Availability, Features, and Quality across Kansas City, Missouri by Income and Race/Ethnicity: An Environmental Justice Investigation.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 45 (Suppl 1): 28–38. doi: 10.1007/s12160-012-9425-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolch, J., J. Byrne, and J. Newell. 2014. “Urban Green Space, Public Health, and Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities ‘Just Green Enough’.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125: 234–244. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolch, J., J. P. Wilson, and J. Fehrenbach. 2005. “Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity-Mapping Analysis.” Urban Geography 26 (1): 4–35. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.26.1.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright Wendel, H. E., R. K. Zarger, and J. R. Mihelcic. 2012. “Accessibility and Usability: Green Space Preferences, Perceptions, and Barriers in a Rapidly Urbanizing City in Latin America.” Landscape and Urban Planning 107 (3): 272–282. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., and A. V. Diez-Roux. 2012. “Walking Distance by Trip Purpose and Population Subgroups.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 43 (1): 11–19. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• York, A., J. Tuccillo, C. Boone, B. Bolin, L. Gentile, B. Schoon, and K. Kane. 2014. “Zoning and Land use: A Tale of Incompatibility and Environmental Injustice in Early Phoenix.” Journal of Urban Affairs 36: 833–853. doi: 10.1111/juaf.12076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, C., and W. N. Hien. 2006. “Thermal Benefits of City Parks.” Energy and Buildings 38 (2): 105–120. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar