Publication Cover
Local Environment
The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability
Volume 24, 2019 - Issue 8
508
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Mapping civil society: the ecology of actors in the Toronto region greenbelt

ORCID Icon
Pages 712-726 | Received 21 Jul 2017, Accepted 28 Jun 2019, Published online: 11 Jul 2019

References

  • Abu-Lughod, J. 1998. “Civil/Uncivil Society: Confusing Form with Content.” In Cities for Citizens: Planning and the Rise of Civil Society in a Global Age, edited by M. Douglass and J. Friedmann, 227–237. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Angeles, L., and P. Gurstein. 2007. “Introduction: Learning Civil Societies for Democratic Planning and Governance.” In Learning Civil Societies: Shifting Contexts for Democratic Planning and Governance, edited by P. Gurstein and L. Angeles, 3–21. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Antoni, G. D., and G. Grimalda. 2016. “Groups and Trust: Experimental Evidence on the Olson and Putnam Hypotheses.” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 61: 38–54. doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2016.01.006
  • Aylett, A. 2010. “Conflict, Collaboration and Climate Change: Participatory Democracy and Urban Environmental Struggles in Durban, South Africa.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 34 (3): 478–495. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00964.x
  • Bacher, J. 2006. “Three Decades Too Soon: The Preliminary Proposals of the Niagara Escarpment Commission and the Origins of the Greenbelt Act.” Leading Edge 2006 Conference Proceedings. Accessed April 21, 2013. http://www.escarpment.org/_files/file.php?fileid=fileJYXhTrEVQb&filename=file_Bacher.pdf.
  • Bailer, S., T. Bodenstein, and V. F. Heinrich. 2008. “What Makes Civil Society Strong? Testing Bottom-up and Top-down Theories of a Vibrant Civil Society.” In CIVICUS Global Survey of the State of Civil Society, Volume 2: Comparative Perspectives, edited by V. F. Heinrich and L. Fioramonti, 235–254. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
  • Barnett, P. J., D. R. Sharpe, H. A. J. Russell, T. A. Brennand, G. Gorrell, F. Kenny, and A. Pugin. 1998. “On the Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine.” Canadian Journal of Earth Science 35: 1152–1167. doi: 10.1139/e98-062
  • Blagescu, M., and J. Court. 2008. “Civil Society’s Impact on Public Policy.” In CIVICUS Global Survey of the State of Civil Society, Volume 2: Comparative Perspectives, edited by V. F. Heinrich and L. Fioramonti, 341–358. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
  • Bogason, P., and J. A. Musso. 2006. “The Democratic Prospects of Network Governance.” The American Review of Public Administration 36 (3): 3–18. doi: 10.1177/0275074005282581
  • Boyte, H. C. 2005. “Reframing Democracy: Governance, Civic Agency, and Politics.” Public Administration Review 65 (5): 536–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00481.x
  • Brandsen, T., W. Trommel, and B. Verschuere. 2017. “The State and the Reconstruction of Civil Society.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 83 (4): 676–693. doi: 10.1177/0020852315592467
  • Brondizio, E. S., E. Ostrom, and O. R. Young. 2009. “Connectivity and the Governance of Multilevel Social-ecological Systems: The Role of Social Capital.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34: 253–278. doi: 10.1146/annurev.environ.020708.100707
  • Brown, L. D., and D. Ashman. 1996. “Participation, Social Capital, and Intersectoral Problem Solving: African and Asian Cases.” World Development 24 (9): 1467–1479. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00053-8
  • Bucek, J., and B. Smith. 2000. “New Approaches to Local Democracy: Direct Democracy, Participation and the ‘Third Sector’.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 18: 3–16. doi: 10.1068/c9950
  • Bunce, M. F. 1985. “Agricultural Land as a Real Estate Commodity: Implications for Farmland Preservation in the North American Urban Fringe.” Landscape Planning 12: 177–192. doi: 10.1016/0304-3924(85)90059-0
  • Carley, M., P. Jenkins, and H. Smith. 2001. Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities. Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
  • Cenker-Özek, C. I. 2017. “Civic Space in Turkey: A Social Capital Approach to Civil Society.” Turkish Studies 18 (4): 688–709. doi: 10.1080/14683849.2017.1351303
  • Cloke, P. 2000. “Rural.” In Dictionary of Human Geography, edited by R. J. Johnston, D. Gregory, G. Pratt, and M. Watts, 4th ed., 718. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • de Gómez, W., and R. Bullock. 2012. “Civil Society in Canada: A Case Study of Rural and Urban Planning Contexts.” The Social Science Journal 49: 202–209. doi: 10.1016/j.soscij.2011.08.014
  • Edwards, M. 2011. “Introduction: Civil Society and the Geometry of Human Relations.” In The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, edited by M. Edwards, 3–14. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Evans, P. 2002. “Looking for Agents of Urban Livability in a Globalized Political Economy.” In Livable Cities? Urban Struggles for Livelihood and Sustainability, edited by P. Evans, 1–30. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Foley, M. W., and B. Edwards. 1996. “The Paradox of Civil Society.” Journal of Democracy 7 (3): 38–52. doi: 10.1353/jod.1996.0048
  • Foley, M. W., and B. Edwards. 1999. “Is it Time to Disinvest in Social Capital?” Journal of Public Policy 19 (2): 141–173. doi: 10.1017/S0143814X99000215
  • Font, J., and C. Galais. 2011. “The Qualities of Local Participation: The Explanatory Role of Ideology, External Support and Civil Society as Organizer.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 35 (5): 932–948.
  • Friedmann, J. 1998. “The New Political Economy of Planning: The Rise of Civil Society.” In Cities for Citizens: Planning and the Rise of Civil Society in a Global Age, edited by M. Douglass and J. Friedmann, 19–35. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Fung, A. 2006. “Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance.” Public Administration Review 66 (Special Issue: Collaborative Public Management): 66–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00667.x
  • Gertler, L. 2009. “Early Localized Issues Affecting Regional Sustainability – The Case of Ontario, Canada’s Niagara Escarpment.” In Introduction to Sustainable Development, Volume 1, edited by David V. J. Bell and Yuk-kuen Annie Cheung, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), developed under the auspices of UNESCO, 55–70. Paris: EOLSS Publishers. Accessed July 7, 2019. https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/bookinfo/introduction-sustainable-development.aspx.
  • Ghose, R. 2005. “The Complexities of Citizen Participation Through Collaborative Governance.” Space and Polity 9 (1): 61–75. doi: 10.1080/13562570500078733
  • Gonzalez, S., and P. Healey. 2005. “A Sociological Institutionalist Approach to the Study of Innovation in Governance Capacity.” Urban Studies 42 (11): 2055–2069. doi: 10.1080/00420980500279778
  • Goonewardena, K., and K. N. Rankin. 2004. “The Desire Called Civil Society: A Contribution to the Critique of a Bourgeois Category.” Planning Theory 3 (2): 117–149. doi: 10.1177/1473095204044778
  • Granovetter, M. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–1380. doi: 10.1086/225469
  • Green Infrastructure Ontario Coalition. 2016. Accessed October 12, 2016. http://www.greeninfrastructureontario.org/.
  • Gurza Lavalle, A., and N. S. Bueno. 2011. “Waves of Change within: Civil Society in Latin America: Mexico and São Paulo.” Politics & Society 39 (3): 415–450. doi: 10.1177/0032329211415504
  • Heinrich, V. F., and L. Fioramonti. 2008. “Introduction.” In CIVICUS Global Survey of the State of Civil Society, Volume 2: Comparative Perspectives, edited by V. F. Heinrich and L. Fioramonti, xxix–xxxix. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
  • Hodgson, L. 2004. “Manufactured Civil Society: Counting the Cost.” Critical Social Policy 24 (2): 139–164. doi: 10.1177/0261018304041948
  • Holman, N. 2008. “Community Participation: Using Social Network Analysis to Improve Developmental Benefits.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 26: 525–543. doi: 10.1068/c0719p
  • Holman, N., and Y. Rydin. 2013. “What Can Social Capital Tell Us About Planning Under Localism?” Local Government Studies 39 (1): 71–88. doi: 10.1080/03003930.2012.675330
  • Hood, C. 1998. The art of the state. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • Hood, C., and H. Margetts. 2007. “Exploring Government’s Toolshed.” In The Tools of Government in the Digital Age, 1–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Knack, S. 2003. “Groups, Growth and Trust: Cross-country Evidence on the Olson and Putnam Hypotheses.” Public Choice 117: 341–355. doi: 10.1023/B:PUCH.0000003736.82456.04
  • Lane, M. B. 2003. “Participation, Decentralization, and Civil Society: Indigenous Rights and Democracy in Environmental Planning.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 22 (4): 360–373. doi: 10.1177/0739456X03022004003
  • Maloney, W., G. Smith, and G. Stoker. 2000. “Social Capital and Urban Governance: Adding a More Contextualized ‘Top-down’ Perspective.” Political Studies 48: 802–820. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.00284
  • McCracken, K. 2012. “Canada’s Farming Roots: Agricultural Fairs and Education.” Accessed July 28, 2018. http://activehistory.ca/2012/09/canadas-farming-roots-agricultural-fairs-and-education/.
  • Mejido Costoya, M. 2007. Toward a Typology of Civil Society Actors: The Case of the Movement to Change International Trade Rules and Barriers. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
  • MMA (Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs). 1985. “The Niagara Escarpment Plan.” Toronto: Ministry of Municipal Affairs.
  • MMAH (Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs & Housing). 2002a. Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Act. Accessed May 13, 2015. http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/AssetFactory.aspx?did=1779.
  • MMAH (Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs & Housing). 2002b. Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan. Accessed May 13, 2015. http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page1707.aspx.
  • MMAH (Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs & Housing). 2005. “Greenbelt Plan.” Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
  • MMAH (Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs & Housing). 2017. “Greenbelt Plan.” Accessed July 27, 2018. http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page13783.aspx.
  • Molotch, H. 1976. “The city as a growth machine: toward a political economy of place.” American Journal of Sociology 82 (2): 309–332. doi: 10.1086/226311
  • MTEIA (Ontario Ministry of Treasury, Economics & Intergovernmental Affairs). 1973. Development Planning in Ontario – The Niagara Escarpment: Government Policy for the Niagara Escarpment. Toronto: Queen’s Printer.
  • NEC (Niagara Escarpment Commission). 2015. “Ontario’s Niagara Escarpment.” Website. www.escarpment.org. Accessed February 26, 2015. http://www.escarpment.org.
  • Nilsen, H. R., K. Strømsnes, and U. Schmidt. 2018. “A Broad Alliance of civil Society Organizations on Climate Change Mitigation: Political Strength or Legitimizing Support?” Journal of Civil Society 14 (1): 20–40. doi: 10.1080/17448689.2017.1399596
  • Ontario Legislative Assembly. 2005. “Committee Transcripts.” Standing Committee on General Government – January 31–February 3, 2005 – Bill 135, Greenbelt Act, 2005. Accessed May 30, 2013. http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do?locale=en&BillID=326&ParlCommID=7422&Date=2005-01-31&Business=Bill+135%2C+Greenbelt+Act%2C+2005&DocumentID=20115.
  • Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Peck, S. 2015. “Civil Society, Everyday Life and the Possibilities for Development Studies.” Geography Compass 9 (10): 550–564. doi: 10.1111/gec3.12245
  • Peters, B. G., and J. Hoornbeek. 2005. “The Problem of Policy Problems.” In Designing Government: From Instruments to Governance, edited by P. Eliadis, M. M. Hill and M. Howlett, 77–105. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Toronto: Simon & Schuster.
  • Rubio, M. 1997. “Perverse Social Capital: Some Evidence from Colombia.” Journal of Economic Issues 31 (3): 805–816. doi: 10.1080/00213624.1997.11505966
  • Rucht, D. 2011. “Civil Society and Civility in Twentieth-century Theorising.” European Review of History: Revue Europeenne D’histoire 18 (3): 387–407. doi: 10.1080/13507486.2011.574680
  • Rydin, Y., and M. Pennington. 2000. “Public Participation and Local Environmental Planning: The Collective Action Problem and the Potential of Social Capital.” Local Environment 5 (2): 153–169. doi: 10.1080/13549830050009328
  • Stolle, D., and T. R. Rochon. 1998. “Are All Associations Alike?” Member Diversity, Associational Type, and the Creation of Social Capital. American Behavioral Scientist 42 (1): 47–65.
  • Storper, M. 1998. “Civil Society: Three Ways into a Problem.” In Cities for Citizens: Planning and the Rise of Civil Society in a Global Age, edited by M. Douglass and J. Friedmann, 239–246. Chichester: Wiley.
  • TRCA (Toronto and Region Conservation Authority). 2002. “Greening Our Watersheds: Revitalization Strategies for Etobicoke and Mimico Creeks.” Accessed April 22, 2014. http://www.trca.on.ca/the-living-city/watersheds/etobicoke-mimico-creek/greening-our-watersheds.dot?host_id=1.
  • Tusalem, R. F. 2007. “A Boon or a Bane? The Role of Civil Society in Third- and Fourth-wave Democracies.” International Political Science Review 28 (3): 361–386. doi: 10.1177/0192512107077097
  • Uhlin, A. 2009. “Which Characteristics of Civil Society Organizations Support What Aspects of Democracy? Evidence from Post-communist Latvia” International Political Science Review 30 (3): 271–295. doi: 10.1177/0192512109105639
  • Vakil, A. C. 1997. “Confronting the Classification Problem: Toward a Taxonomy of NGOs.” World Development 25 (12): 2057–2070. doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00098-3
  • Van Deth, J. W. 2008. “Citizen Participation in Civil Society Around the World.” In CIVICUS Global Survey of the State of Civil Society, Volume 2: Comparative Perspectives, edited by V. F. Heinrich and L. Fioramonti, 217–234. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
  • VQA Ontario. 2015. “The Niagara Peninsula: Appellation Overview.” Accessed February 26, 2015. http://www.vqaontario.com/Appellations/NiagaraPeninsula.
  • White, R. 2007. The Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe in Historical Perspective. Toronto: The Neptis Foundation.
  • World Bank. 2013. “Defining Civil Society.” Accessed July 20, 2016. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,contentMDK:20101499~menuPK:244752~pagePK:220503~piPK:220476~theSitePK:228717,00.html.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.