18
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Inflammatory Reaction in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Harmful or Beneficial?

&
Pages 25-31 | Published online: 14 May 2010

References

  • Aassari A, Cingolani A, Pezzotti P, De Luca DA, Murri R, Giancola ML, Larocca LM, Antinori A (2000). AIDS-related focal brain lesions in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Neurology 55: 1194–1200.
  • Antinori A, A=assari A, Giancola ML, Cingolani A, Grisetti S, Murri R, Alba L, Ciancio B, Soldani F, Larussa D, Ippolito G, De Luca A (2001). Epidemiology and prognosis of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the HAART era. J NeuroVirol 7: 323–328.
  • Berger JR, Levy RM, Flomenhoft D, Dobbs M (1998). Predic-tive factors for prolonged survival in acquired immun-odeficiency syndrome-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 44: 341–349.
  • Cheng VC, Yuen KY, Chan WM, Wong SS, Ma ES, Chan RM (2000). I=unorestitution disease involving the in-nate and adaptive response. Clin Infect Dis 30: 882–892.
  • Cinque P, Pierotti C, Vigano MG, Bestetti A, Fausti C, Bertelli D, Lazzarin A (2001). The good and evil of HAART in HIV-related progressive multifocal leukoen-cephalopathy. J NeuroVirol 7: 358–363.
  • Clifford DB, Yiannoutsos C, Glicksman M, Simpson DM, Singer EJ, Piliero PJ, Marra CM, Francis GS, McArthur JC, Tyler KL, Tselis AC, Hyslop NE (1999). HAART im-proves prognosis in HIV-associated progressive multifo-cal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 52: 623–625.
  • Collazos J, Mayo J, Martinez E, Blanco MS (1999). Contrast-enhancing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as an immune reconstitution event in AIDS patients. AIDS 13: 1426–1428.
  • De Luca A, Giancola ML, A=assari A, Grisetti S, Paglia MG, Gentile M, Cingolani A, Murri R, Liuzzi G, Monforte AD, Antinori A (2000). The effect of potent antiretroviral therapy and JC virus load in cerebrospinal fluid on clin-ical outcome of patients with AIDS-associated progres-sive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 182: 1077–1083.
  • DeSimone JA, Pomerantz RJ, Babinchak TJ (2000). Inflam-matory reactions in HIV-1-infected persons after initia-tion of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann Intern Med 133: 447–454.
  • Du Pasquier RA, Clark KW, Smith PS, Joseph JT, Mazullo JM, De Girolami U, Letvin NL, Koralnik IJ (2001). Favorable clinical outcome in HIV-infected individu-als with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy correlates with JCV-specific cellular immune response. J NeuroVirol 7: 318–322.
  • Finelli PF (1998). Images in neurology. Mass effect in pro-gressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Arch Neurol 55: 1148–1149.
  • Gasnault J, Taoufik Y, Goujard C, Kousignian P, Abbed K, Boue F, Dussaix E, Delfraissy JF (1999). Pro-longed survival without neurological improvement in patients with AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy on potent combined antiretrovi-ral therapy. J NeuroVirol 5: 421–429.
  • Hair LS, Nuovo G, Powers JM, Sisti MB, Britton CB, Miller JR (1992). Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Hum Pathol 23: 663–667.
  • Koralnik IJ (2002). Polyomavirus-induced demyelination. In: Disorders of myelin in the central nervous and peripheral nervous system. Dangond F (ed). Woburn: Butterworth Heinemann, pp 293–310.
  • Koralnik IJ, Du Pasquier RA, Kuroda M, Schmitz JE, Dang X, Zheng Y, Lifton M, Letvin NL (2002). Association of prolonged survival in HLA-A2+ progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients with a cytotoxic T lym-phocyte response specific for a dominant JC virus epi-tope. J Immuno1168: 499–504.
  • Koralnik IJ, Du Pasquier RA, Letvin NL (2001). JC virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in individuals with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Virol 75: 3483–3487.
  • Koralnik IJ, Schmitz JE, Lifton MA, Forman MA, Letvin NL (1999). Detection of JC virus DNA in peripheral blood cell subpopulations of HIV-1-infected individu-als. J NeuroVirol 5: 430–435.
  • Kotecha N, George MJ, Smith TW, Corvi F, Litofsky NS (1998). Enhancing progressive multifocal leukoen-cephalopathy: an indicator of improved immune status? Am J Med 105: 541–543.
  • Mayo J, Collazos J, Martinez E (1998). Progressive mul-tifocal leukoencephalopathy following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 12: 1720–1722.
  • Miralles P, Berenguer J, Lacruz C, Cosin J, Lopez JC, Padilla B, Munoz L, Garcia-de-Viedma D (2001). Inflammatory reactions in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopa-thy after highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 15: 1900–1902.
  • Mori M, Kurata H, Tajima M, Shimada H (1991). JC virus detection by in situ hybridization in brain tissue from elderly patients. Ann Neurol 29: 428–432.
  • Pfister L-A, Letvin NL, Koralnik IJ (2001). JC virus reg-ulatory region tandem repeats in plasma and cen-tral nervous system isolates correlate with poor clin-ical outcome in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Virol 75: 5672–5676.
  • Power C, Gladden JG, Halliday W, Del Bigio MR, Nath A, Ni W, Major EO, Blanchard J, Mowat M (2000). AIDS- and non-AIDS-related PML association with dis-tinct p53 polymorphism. Neurology 54: 743–746.
  • Quinlivan EB, Norris M, Bouldin TW, Suzuki K, Meeker R, Smith MS, Hall C, Kenney S (1992). Subclinical central nervous system infection with JC virus in patients with AIDS. /Infect Dis 166: 80–85.
  • Richardson EP Jr, Johnson PC (1975). Atypical progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with plasma-cell infil-trates. Acta Neuropathol Suppl (Berl) 6: 247–250.
  • Schlitt M, Morawetz RB, Bonnin J, Chandra-Sekar B, Curtiss JJ, Diethelm AG Jr, Whelchel JD, Whitley RJ (1986). Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: three patients diagnosed by brain biopsy, with pro-longed survival in two. Neurosurgery 18: 407–414.
  • Shelburne SA 3rd, Hamill RJ, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Greenberg SB, Atmar RL, Musher DW, Gathe JC Jr, Visnegarwala F, Trautrier BW (2002). Immune reconsti-tution inflammatory syndrome: emergence of a unique syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 81: 213–227.
  • Tantisiriwat W, Tebas P, Clifford DB, Powderly WG, Fichtenbaum CJ (1999). Progressive multifocal leukoen-cephalopathy in patients with AIDS receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 28: 1152–1154.
  • Taoufik Y, Gasnault J, Karaterki A, Pierre Ferey M, Marchadier E, Goujard C, Lannuzel A, Delfraissy JF, Dussaix E (1998). Prognostic value of JC virus load in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive multifo-cal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 178: 1816–1820.
  • Thurnher MM, Post MJ, Rieger A, Kleibl-Popov C, Loewe C, Schindler E (2001). Initial and follow-up MR imag-ing findings in AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with highly active an-tiretroviral therapy. AJNR Am J Neuromdiol 22: 977–984.
  • Yiannoutsos CT, Major EO, Curfman B, Jensen PN, Gravell M, Hou J, Clifford DB, Hall CD (1999). Relation of JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid to sur-vival in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with biopsy-proven progressive multifocal leukoen-cephalopathy. Ann Neurol 45: 816–821.
  • Zochodne DW, Kaufmann JC (1987). Prolonged progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy without immunosup-pression. Can J Neurol Sci 14: 603–607.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.