References
- Adle-Biassette H, Levy Y, Colombel M, Poron F, Natchev S, et al. Neuronal apoptosis in HIV infection in adults. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1995; 21: 218–227, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Bell J E. An update on the neuropathology of HIV in the HAART era. Histopathology 2004; 45: 549–559, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Brack-Werner R. Astrocytes: HIV cellular reservoirs and important participants in neuropathogenesis. AIDS 1999; 13: 1–22, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Budka H. Neuropathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Brain Pathol 1991; 1: 163–175, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Cosenza M A, Zhao M L, Si Q, Lee S C. Human brain parenchymal microglia express CD14 and CD45 and are productively infected in HIV-1 encephalitis. Brain Pathol 2002; 4: 4421–455, [CSA]
- Everall I P, Luthert P J, Lantos P L. Neuronal loss in the frontal cortex in HIV infection. Lancet 1991; 337: 1119–1121, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Fang J, Acheampong E, Dave R, Wang F, Mukhtar M, Pomerantz R J. The RNA helicase DDX1 is involved in restricted HIV-1 Rev function in human astrocytes. Virology 2005; 336: 299–307, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Fischer-Smith T, Croul S, Sverstiuk A E, Capini C, L'Heureux D, et al. CNS invasion by CD14+/CD16+ peripheral blood-derived monocytes in HIV dementia: perivascular accumulation and reservoir of HIV infection. J NeuroVirol 2001; 7: 528–541, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Garden G A. Microglia in human immunodeficiency virus-associated neuro-degeneration. Glia 2002; 40: 240–251, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Gelbard H A, James H J, Sharer L R, Perry S W, Saito Y, Kazee A M, et al. Apoptotic neurons in brains from pediatric patients with HIV-1 encephalitis and progressive encephalopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1995; 21: 208–217, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Giometto B, An S F, Groves M, Scaravilli T, Geddes J F, Miller R, Tavolato B, et al. Accumulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein in HIV encephalitis: relationship with neuropsychological abnormalities. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 34–40, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Giulian D, Vaca K, Noonan C A. Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1. Science 1990; 250: 1593–1596, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Glass J D, Fedor H, Wesselingh S L, McArthur J C. Immunocytochemical quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus in the brain: correlations with dementia. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 755–762, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Gonzalez-Scarano F, Martin-Garcia J. The neuropathogenesis of AIDS. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5: 69–81, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Gorry P R, Ong C, Thorpe J, Bannwarth S, Thompson K A, Gatignol A, et al. Astrocyte infection by HIV-1: mechanisms of restricted virus replication, and role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated dementia. Curr HIV Res 2003; 1: 463–473, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hesselgesser J, Taub D, Baskar P, Greenberg M, Hoxie J, Kolson D L, et al. Neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gp120 and the chemokine SDF-1 alpha is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Curr Biol 1998; 8: 595–598, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hudson L, Liu J, Nath A, Jones M, Raghavan R, Narayan O, Male D, Everall I. Detection of the human immunodeficiency virus regulatory protein tat in CNS tissues. J NeuroVirol 2000; 6: 145–155, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Jones M V, Bell J E, Nath A. Immunolocalization of HIV envelope gp120 in HIV encephalitis with dementia. AIDS 2000; 14: 2709–2713, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kennedy J M, Hoke A, Zhu Y, Johnston J B, Van Marle G, Silva C, Zochodne D W, Power C. Peripheral neuropathy in lentivirus infection: evidence of inflammation and axonal injury. AIDS 2004; 18: 1241–1250, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Ketzler S, Weis S, Haug H, Budka H. Loss of neurons in the frontal cortex in AIDS brains. Acta Neuropathol 1990; 80: 92–104, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Koenig S, Gendelman H E, Orenstein J M, Dal Canto M C, Pezeshkpour G H, Yungbluth M, et al. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 1986; 233: 1089–1093, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Levy D N, Refaeli Y, MacGregor R R, Weiner D B. Serum Vpr regulates productive infection and latency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 10873–10877, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Lipton S A, Gendelman H E. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 934–940, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Liu Y, Liu H, Kim B O, Gattone V H, Li J, Nath A, et al. CD4-independent infection of astrocytes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1: requirement for the human mannose receptor. J Virol 2004; 78: 4120–4133, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Majumder B, Janket M L, Schafer E A, Kan-Mitchell J, Huang X, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) Vpr impairs dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation: implications in viral immune escape. J Virol 2005; 79: 7990–8003, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- McArthur J C. HIV dementia: an evolving disease. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 157: 3–10, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Medana I M, Esiri M M. Axonal damage: a key predictor of outcome in human CNS diseases. Brain 2003; 126: 515–530, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Meucci O, Fatatis A, Simen A A, Bushell T J, Gray P W, Miller R J. Chemokines regulate hippocampal neuronal signaling and gp120 neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 14500–14555, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Nath A, Haughey N J, Jones M, Anderson C, Bell J E, Geiger J D. Synergistic neurotoxicity by human immunodeficiency virus proteins Tat and gp120: protection by memantine. Ann Neurol 2000; 47: 186–194, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- New D R, Maggirwar S B, Epstein L G, Dewhurst S, Gelbard H A. HIV-1 Tat induces neuronal death via tumor necrosis factor-alpha and activation of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by a NFkappaB-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 17852–17858, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Patel C A, Mukhtar M, Harley S, Kulkosky J, Pomerantz R J. Lentiviral expression of HIV-1 Vpr induces apoptosis in human neurons. J Neurovirol 2002; 8: 86–99, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Patel C A, Mukhtar M, Pomerantz R J. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr induces apoptosis in human neuronal cells. J Virol 2000; 74: 9717–926, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Piller S C, Ewart G D, Jans D A, Gage P W, Cox G B. The amino-terminal region of Vpr from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 forms ion channels and kills neurons. J Virol 1999; 73: 4230–4238, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Piller S C, Jans P, Gage P W, Jans D A. Extracellular HIV-1 virus protein R causes a large inward current and cell death in cultured hippocampal neurons: implications for AIDS pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 4595–4600, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Pomerantz R J. Effects of HIV-1 Vpr on neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis. DNA Cell Biol 2004; 23: 227–238, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rasola A, Gramaglia D, Boccaccio C, Comoglio P M. Apoptosis enhancement by the HIV-1 Nef protein. J Immunol 2001; 166: 81–88, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Roshal M, Zhu Y, Planelles V. Apoptosis in AIDS. Apoptosis 2001; 6: 103–116, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Sabri F, Titanji K, De Milito A, Chiodi F. Astrocyte activation and apoptosis: their roles in the neuropathology of HIV infection. Brain Pathol 2003; 13: 84–94, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sabri F, Tresoldi E, Di Stefano M, Polo S, Monaco M C, Verani A, Fiore J R, et al. Nonproductive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human fetal astrocytes: independence from CD4 and major chemokine receptors. Virology 1999; 264: 370–384, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Sherman M P, Schubert U, Williams S A, de Noronha C M, Kreisberg J F, Henklein P, et al. HIV-1 Vpr displays natural protein-transducing properties: implications for viral pathogenesis. Virology 2002; 302: 95–105, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Shi B, Raina J, Lorenzo A, Busciglio J, Gabuzda D. Neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV-1 Tat protein and TNF-alpha: potentiation of neurotoxicity mediated by oxidative stress and implications for HIV-1 dementia. J NeuroVirol 1998; 4: 281–290, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tenhula W N, Xu S Z, Madigan M C, Heller K, Freeman W R, Sadun A A. Morphometric comparisons of optic nerve axon loss in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1992; 113: 14–20, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Thotala D, Schafer E A, Majumder B, Janket M L, Wagner M, et al. Structure-functional analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr: role of leucine resides on Vpr-mediated transactivation and virus replication. Virology 2004; 328: 89–100, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Tungaturthi P K, Sawaya B E, Singh S P, Tomkowicz B, Ayyavoo V, Khalili K, et al. Role of HIV-1 Vpr in AIDS pathogenesis: relevance and implications of intravirion, intracellular and free Vpr. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; 57: 20–24, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Tornatore C, Chandra R, Berger J R, Major E O. HIV-1 infection of subcortical astrocytes in the pediatric central nervous system. Neurology 1994; 44: 481–487, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Valle L D, Croul S, Morgello S, Amini S, Rappaport J, Khalili K. Detection of HIV-1 Tat and JCV capsid protein, VP1, In AIDS brain with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J NeuroVirol 2000; 6: 221–228, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Williams K C, Corey S, Westmoreland S V, Pauley D, Knight H, deBakker C, et al. Perivascular macrophages are the primary cell type productively infected by simian immunodeficiency virus in the brains of macaques: implications for the neuropathogenesis of AIDS. J Exp Med 2001; 193: 905–915, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yao Q, Compans R W, Chen C. HIV envelope proteins differentially utilize CXCR4 and CCR5 coreceptors for induction of apoptosis. Virology 2001; 285: 128–137, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]