Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA Levels in different regions of human brain: Quantification using real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction

References

• Achim C L, Wang R, Miners D K, Wiley C A. Brain viral burden in HIV-infection. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994; 53: 284–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagasra O, Lavi E, Bobroski L, Khalili K, Pestaner J P, Tawadros R, Pomerantz R J. Cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 in the central nervous system of infected individuals-identification by the combination of in situ polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. AIDS 1996; 10: 573–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahn S, Augwood S J, Ryan M, Standaert D G, Starkey M, Emson P C. Gene expression profiling in the postmortem human brain-No cause for dismay. J Chem Neuroanat 2001; 22: 79–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barton A J, Perason R C, Najlerahim A, Harrison P J. Pre- and postmortem influences on brain RNA. J Neurochem 1993; 61: 1–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell J E, Busutill A, Ironside J W, Rebus S, Donaldson Y K, Simmonds P, Peutherer J F. Human immunodeficiency virus and the brain: investigations of virus load and neuropathic changes in pre-AIDS subjects. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 818–824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brew B J. HIV-1 related neurological disease. J Acquired Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6: S10–S15, (Suppl. 1)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Budka H. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced disease of the central nervous system: pathology and implications for pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 1989; 77: 225–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budka H. Neuropathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Brain Pathol 1991; 1: 163–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun T W, Carruth L, Finzi D, Shen X, Di Giuseppe J A, Taylor H, Hermankova M, Chadwick K, Margilock J, Quin T C, Kuo Y H, Brookmeyer R, Zeigler M A, Crovo-Barditch P, Siliciano R F. Quantitaion of latent reservoir and total body load in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1997; 387: 183–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins M L, Irvine B, Tyner D, Fine E, Zayati C, Chang C, Horn T, Ahle D, Detmer J, Shen L P, Kolberg J, Bushnell S, Urdea M S, Ho D D. A branched DNA signal amplification assay for quantification of nucleic acid targets below 100 molecules/mL. Nucleic Acid Res 1997; 25: 2979–2984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corboy J R, Buzy J M, Zink M C, Clements J E. Expression directed from HIV long terminal repeats in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. Science 1992; 258: 1804–1808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham P H, Smith D G, Satchell C, Cooper D A, Brew B J. Evidence for independent development of resistance to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the cerebrospinal fluid. AIDS 2000; 8: 1949–1954
   Google Scholar
• Desire N, Dehee A, Seifried E, Schneider V, Jacomet C, Goujon C, Girard P M, Rozenbaun W, Nicolas J C. Quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral load by a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1303–1310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewar R L, Highbarger H C, Sarmiento M D, Todd J A, Vasudevchari M B, Davey R T, Kovacs J A, Salzman N P, Lane H C, Urdea M S. Application of branched DNA signal amplification to monitor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 burden in human plasma. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 1172–1179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis R J, Hsia K, Spector S A, Nelson J A, Heaton R K, Wallace M R, Abramson I, Atkinson J H, Grant I, McCutchan J A, the HIV Neurobehaviral Research Center Group. Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels are elevated in neurocognitively impaired individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 679–688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everall I P, Luthert P J, Lantos P L. Neuronal loss in the frontal cortex in HIV infection. Lancet 1991; 337: 1191–1121
   Google Scholar
• Fischer M, Gunthard H F, Opravil M, et al. Residual HIV-RNA levels persist for up to 2.5 years in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients on potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16: 1135–1140
   Google Scholar
• Gabzuda D, Wang J. Chemokine receptors and virus entry in the central nervous system. J NeuroVirol 1999; 5: 643–658
   Google Scholar
• Hargrove J L, Schmidt F H. The role of mRNA and protein stability in gene expression. FASEB J 1989; 3: 2360–2370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison M JG, Newman S P, Hall-Craggs M A, et al. Evidence of CNS impairment in HIV infection: clinical, neuropsychological, EEG, and MRI/MRS study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 5: 301–307
   Google Scholar
• Harrison P J, Heath P R, Eastwood S L, Burnet P W, McDonald B, Pearson R C. The relative importance of acidosis and postmortem interval for human brain gene expression studies: selective mRNA vulnerability and comparison with their encoded proteins. Neurosci Lett 1995; 200: 151–154
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He J, Chen Y, Farzan M, Choe H, Ohagen A, Gartner S, Busciglio J, Yang X, Hofmann W, Newman W, Mackay C R, Sodroski J, Gabuzda D. CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. Nature 1997; 385: 645–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland P, Abramso R, Watson R, Gelfand D. Detection of specific polymerase chain reaction product by utilizing the 5′-3′ exonuclease activity of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7276–7280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson S A, Morgan D G, Finch C E. Extensive postmortem stability of RNA from rat and human brain. J Neurosci Res 1986; 16: 267–280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jernigan T L, Archibald S, Hesselink J R. Magnetic resonance imaging morphometric analysis of cerebral volume loss in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 250–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul M, Garden G A, Lipton S A. Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated demmentia. Nature 2001; 410: 988–994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerza-Kwiatecki A LP, Amini S. CNS as an HIV-1 reservoir; BBB and drug delivery. Meeting Report. J Neuro Virol 1999; 5: 113–114
   Google Scholar
• Kieburtz K, Ketonen L, Cox C, Grossman H, Holloway R, Caine E D. Cognitive performance and regional brain volume in HIV-1 infection. Arch Neurol 1996; 53: 155–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korber B M, Kunstman K J, Patterson B K, Furtado M, McEvilly M M, Levy R, Wolinsky S M. Genetic differences between blood- and brain-derived viral sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected patients: evidence of conserved elements in the V3 region of the envelope protein of brain-derived sequences. J Virol 1994; 68: 7467–7481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kure K, Llena J F, Lyman W D, Weidenheim K M, Dickson D W. Cellular localization of an HIV-1 antigen in subacute AIDS encephalitis using an improved double-labeling immunohistochemical method. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 1085–1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langford D, Marqie-Beck J, Almeida de S, Lazzaretto D, Letendre S, Grant I, McCutchan J A, Masliah E, The H IV, Neurobehavioral Center (HNRC) group. Relationship of antiretroviral treatment to postmortem brain tissue viral load in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. J NeuroVirol 2006; 12: 100–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy J A. Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency of virus infection. Mocrobiol Rev 1993; 57: 183–289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipton S A, Gendelman H E. Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Eng J Med 1995; 332: 934–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton S A. Treating AIDS dementia. Science 1997; 13: 1629–1630
   Google Scholar
• Livak K J, Flood S JA, Marmaro J, Giusti W, Deetz K. Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quenched probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic acid hybridization. PCR Methods Appl 1995; 4: 357–362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackay I M, Arden K E, Nitsche A. Survey and summary: real time PCR in virology. Nucleic Acid Res 2002; 30: 1292–1305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masliah E, Achim C L, Ge N, De Teresa R, Terry R D, Wiley C A. Spectrum of HIV associated neocortical damage. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 85–93
   Google Scholar
• Maslin C LV, Kedzierska K, Webster N, Muller W, Crowe S. Transendothelial migration of monocytes: the underlying molecular mechanisms and consequences of HIV-1 infection. Curr HIV Res 2005; 3: 303–317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McArthur J C, McClernon D R, Cronin M F, Nance-Sproson T E, Saah A, Clair M, Lanier R. Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia and viral load in cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 689–698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArthur J C, Selnes O A, Glass J D, Hoover D R, Bacellar H. HIV-dementia: incidence and risk factors. HIV, AIDS, and the brain, R W Price, S W Perry. Raven Press, New York 1994; vol. 72: 251–272
   Google Scholar
• McClernon D R, Lanier R, Gartner S, Feaser P, Pardo C A, St. Claire M, Liao Q, McArthur J C. RNA levels and patterns of ziduvodine resistance. Neurology 2001; 57: 1396–1401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgello S, Gelman B B, Kozlowski P B, Vinters H V, Masliah E, Cornford M, Cavert W, Marra C, Grant I, Singer E J. The National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium: a new paradigm in brain banking with an emphasis on infectious diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2001; 27: 326–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison M R, Griffin W S. The isolation and in vitro translation of undegraded messenger RNAs from human postmortem brain. Anal Biochem 1981; 113: 318–324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulder J, McKinney N, Christopherson C, Sninsky J, Greenfield L, Kwok S. Rapid and simple PCR assay for quantification of human deficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma: application to acute retroviral infection. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 292–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navia B A, Cho E S, Petito C K, Price R W. The AIDS dementia complex. II. Neuropathology. Ann Neurol 1986; 19: 525–535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Article 43: Anatomical gifts. 1990, New York State Public Health Code
   Google Scholar
• Nottet H SLM, Persidsky Y, Sasseville V G, Nukuna A N, Bock P, Zhai O H, Sharer L R, McComb R D, Swindells S, Soderland C, Gendelman H E. Mechanisms for the transendothelial migration of HIV-1 infected monocytes into brain. J Immunol 1996; 156: 1284–1295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallela F J, Jr, Delaney K M, Moorman A C, Loveless M O, Fuhrer J, Satten G A, Aschman D J, Holmberg S D. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Eng J Med 1998; 338: 853–860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang S, Koyanagi Y, Miles S, Wiley C, Vinters H V, Chen I S. High levels of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue of AIDS dementia patients. Nature 1990; 343: 85–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perret C W, Marchbanks R M, Whatley S A. Characterisation of messenger RNA extracted post-mortem from the brains of schizophrenic, depressed and control subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 325–331
   Google Scholar
• Persaud D, Pierson T, Ruff C, et al. A stable latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes in infected children. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 995–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persidsky Y, Stins M, Way D, Witte M H, Weinand M, Kim K S, Bock P, Gendelman H E, Fiala M. A model for monocyte migration through the blood brain barrier during HIV-1 encephalitis. J Imunology 1997; 158: 3499–3510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pialoux G, Fournier S, Moulignier A, Poveda J D, Clavel F, Dupont B. Central nervou system as a santuary for HIV-1 infection despite treatment with zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir. AIDS 1997; 11: 1302–1303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierson T, McArthur J, Siliciano R S. Reservoirs for HIV-1: mechanisms for viral persistence in the presence of antiviral immune responses and antiretroviral therapy. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18: 665–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premack B A, Schall T J. Chemokine receptors-gateway to inflammation and infection. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1174–1178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price R W. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet 1996; 348: 445–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick L, Berger J R, Shapshak P, Tourtellote W W. Early penetration of the blood brain barrier by HIV. Neurology 1988; 38: 9–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal W, III, Selnes A, Concha M, Nance-Sproson T E, McArthur J C. Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) p24 antigen levels in HIV-related dementia. Ann Neurol 1994; 36: 32–39
   Google Scholar
• Schrager L K, D'Souza M P. Cellular and anatomical reservoirs of HIV-1 in patients receiving potent antiretroviral combination therapy. JAMA 1998; 280: 67–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siliciano J D, Siliciano R F. The latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells: a barrier to cure. Curr Opin HIV-1 AIDS 2006; 1: 121–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit T K, Brew B J, Toutellotte W, Morgello S, Gelman B B, Saksena N K. Independent evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance mutations in diverse areas of the brain in HIV-infected patients, with and without dementia, on antiretroviral treatment. J Virol 2004; 78: 10133–10148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonza S, Kiernan R E, Maerz A L, Deacon N J, Mcphee D A, Crowe S M. Accumulation of unintegrated circular viral DNA in monocytes and growth arrested T cells following infection with HIV-1. J Leuk Biol 1994; 56: 289–294
   Google Scholar
• Sun R, Ku J, Jayakar H, Kuo J C, Brambilla D, Herman S, Rosenstraus M, Spadoro J. Ultrasensitive reverse transcription-PCR assay for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2964–2969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo I, Veryard C, Barnes H, An S F, Jones M, Lantos P L, Luthert P, Shaunak S. Circular forms of unintegrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA and high levels of viral protein expression: association with dementia and multinucleated giant cells in the brains of patients with AIDS. J Virol 1997; 71: 2928–2933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillmann M, Krebs F C, Wessner R, Pomeroy S M, Goodenow M M, Wigdahl B. Neuroglial-specific factors and the regulation of retrovirus transcription. Adv Neuroimmunol 1994; 4: 305–318
   Google Scholar
• Venturi G, Catucci M, Romano L, Corsi P, Leoncini F, Valensin P E, Zazzi M. Antiretroviral resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and protease from paired cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 740–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdin E, Becker N, Bex F, Droogmans L, Burny A. Identification and characterization of an enhancer in the coding region of the genome of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4874–4878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley C A, Achim C L, Christopherson C, Kidane Y, Kwok S, Masliah E, Mellors J, Radhakrishnan R, Wang G, Soontornnimyokij V. HIV mediates a productive infection of the brain. AIDS 1999; 13: 2055–2059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley C A, Masliah E, Morey M, Lemere C, De Teresa R, Grafe M, Hansen L, Terry R. Neocortical damage during HIV infection. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 651–657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley C A, Shrier R D, Nelson J A, Lampert P W, Oldstone M B. Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immunodeficeincy syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 7089–7093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley C A, Soontornniyomkij V, Radhakrishnan L, Masliah E, Mellors J, Herman S A, Dalley P, Achim C L. Distribution of brain HIV load in AIDS. Brain Pathol 1998; 8: 277–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong J K, Ignacio C C, Torriani F, Havlir D, Fitch N JS, Richman D D. In vivo compartmentalization of human immunodeficiency virus: evidence from the examination of pol sequences from autopsy tissues. J Virol 1997; 71: 2059–2071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun Z, Fredriksson E, Sonnenborg A. Quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral DNA by the TaqMan Real-Time PCR Assay. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3883–3884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar