Characterization of JC virus in cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-1 infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: insights into viral pathogenesis and disease prognosis

References

• Agostini H T, Deckhut A, Jobes D V, Girones R, Schlunck G, Prost M G, Frias C, Perez-Trallero E, Ryschkewitsch C F, Stoner G L. Genotypes of JC virus in East, Central and Southwest Europe. J Gen Virol 2001; 82: 1221–1331, (Pt 5)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostini H T, Ryschkewitsch C F, Singer E J, Baumhefner R W, Stoner G L. JC virus type 2B is found more frequently in brain tissue of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients than in urine from controls. J Hum Virol 1998; 1(3)200–206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agostini H T, Yanagihara R, Davis V, Ryschkewitsch C F, Stoner G L. Asian genotypes of JC virus in Native Americans and in a Pacific Island population: markers of viral evolution and human migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94(26)14542–14546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ault G S, Stoner G L. Human polyomavirus JC promoter/enhancer rearrangement patterns from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy brain are unique derivatives of a single archetypal structure. J Gen Virol 1993; 74: 1499–1507, (Pt 8)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenguer J, Miralles P, Arrizabalaga J, Ribera E, Dronda F, Baraia-Etxaburu J, Domingo P, Marquez M, Rodriguez-Arrondo F J, Laguna F, Rubio R, Lacruz Rodrigo J, Mallolas J, de Miguel V, GESIDA 11/99 Study Group. Clinical course and prognostic factors of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencepalophathy in patients treated with higly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36(8)1047–1052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger J R, Chauhan A, Galey D, Nath A. Epidemiological evidence and molecular basis of interactions between HIV and JC virus. J Neurovirol 2001; 7(4)329–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger J R, Koralnik I J. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab–unforeseen consequences. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(4)414–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks B R, Walker D R. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neural Clin 1984; 2(2)299–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciappi S, Azzi A, De Santis R, Leoncini F, Sterrantino G, Mazzotta F, Mecocci L. Archetypal and rearranged sequences of human polyomavirus JC transcription control region in peripheral blood leukocytes and in cerebrospinal fluid. J Gen Virol 1999; 80: 1017–1023, (Pt 4)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinque P, Casari S, Bertelli D. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, HIV, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(12)848–849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury M, Kundu M, Khalili K. GA/GC-rich sequence confers Tat responsiveness to human neurotropic virus promoter, JCVL, in cells derived from central nervous system. Oncogene 1993; 8(4)887–892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford D B, Yiannoutsos C, Glicksman M, Simpson D M, Singer E J, Piliero P J, Marra C M, Francis G S, McArthur J C, Tyler K L, Tselis A C, Hyslop N E. HAART improves prognosis in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 1999; 52(3)623–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel A M, Frisque R J. Transcription initiation sites of prototype and variant JC virus early and late messenger RNAs. Virology 1993; 194(1)97–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel A M, Swenson J J, Mayreddy R P, Khalili K, Frisque R J. Sequences within the early and late promoters of archetype JC virus restrict viral DNA replication and infectivity. Virology 1996; 216(1)90–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Ammassari A, Cingolani A, Giancola M L, Antinori A. Disease progression and poor survival of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencepalophathy despite highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 1998; 12: 1937–1938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Cingolani A, Linzalone A, Ammassari A, Murri R, Giancola M L, Maiuro G, Antinori A. Improved detection of JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34(5)1343–1346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Giancola M L, Ammassari A, Grisetti S, Cingolani A, Larussa D, Alba L, Murri R, Ippolito G, Cauda R, Monforte A, Antinori A. Potent Antiretroviral therapy with or without cidofovir for AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencepalophathy: extended follow-up and an observational study. J Neurovirol 2001; 7: 364–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Giancola M L, Ammassari A, Grisetti S, Paglia M G, Gentile M, Cingolani A, Murri R, Liuzzi G, Monforte A D, Antinori A. The Effect of Potent Antiretroviral Therapy and JC Virus Load in Cerebrospinal Fluid on Clinical Outcome of Patients with AIDS-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencepalophathy. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1077–1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Giancola M L, Cingolani A, Ammassari A, Gillini L, Murri R, Antinori A. Clinical and virological monitoring during treatment with intrathecal cytarabine in patients with AIDS associated progressive multifocal leukoencepalophathy. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 624–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrante P, Mediati M, Caldarelli-Stefano R, Losciale L, Mancuso R, Cagni A E, Maserati R. Increased frequency of JC virus type 2 and of dual infection with JC virus type 1 and 2 in Italian progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients. J Neurovirol 2001; 7(1)35–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrante P, Delbue S, Pagani E, Mancuso R, Marzocchetti A, Borghi E, Maserati R, Bestetti A, Cinque P. Analysis of JC virus genotype distribution and transcriptional control region rearrangements in human immunodeficiency virus-positive progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients with and without highly active antiretroviral treatment. J Neurovirol 2003; 9: 42–46, (Suppl 1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisque R J, Bream G L, Cannella M T. Human polyomavirus JC virus genome. J Virol 1984; 51(2)458–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasnault J, Kousignian P, Kahraman M, Rahoiljaon J, Matheron S, Delfraissy J F, Taoufik Y. Cidofovir in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a monocenter observational study with clinical and JC virus load monitoring. J Neurovirol 2001; 7(4)375–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasnault J, Taoufik Y, Bentala M, Kousignian P, Abbed K, Boue F, Dussaix E, Delfraissy J F. Prolonged survival without neurological improvement in patients with AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy on potent combined antiretroviral therapy. J Neurovirol 1999; 5: 421–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschwind M D, Skolasky R I, Royal W S, McArthur J C. The relative contributions of HAART and alpha-interferon for therapy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. J Neurovirol 2001; 7(4)353–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen P M, Major E O. A classification scheme for human polyomavirus JCV variants based on the nucleotide sequence of the noncoding regulatory region. J Neurovirol 2001; 7(4)280–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz-Brull R, Lenkinski R E, Du Pasquier R A, Koralnik I J. Elevation of myoinositol is associated with disease containment in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 2004; 63(5)897–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar K U, Tang S C, Pater M M, Pater A. Glial and muscle embryonal carcinoma cell-specific independent regulation of expression of human JC virus early promoter by cyclic AMP response elements and adjacent nuclear factor 1 binding sites. J Med Virol 1996; 49(3)199–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marra C M, Rajicic N, Barker D E, Cohen B A, Clifford D, Donovan Post M J, Ruiz A, Bowen B C, Huang M L, Queen-Baker J, Andersen J, Kelly S, Shriver S, Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group 363 Team. A pilot study of cidofovir for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. AIDS 2002; 16(13)1791–1797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzocchetti A, Cingolani A, Di Giambenedetto S, Ammassari A, Giancola M L, Cauda R, Antinori A, De Luca A. Macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with containment of JC virus and prognosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome—associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2005; 11(2)219–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman J T, Frisque R J. Identification of JC virus variants in multiple tissues of pediatric and adult PML patients. J Med Virol 1999; 58(1)79–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfister L A, Letvin N L, Koralnik I J. JC virus regulatory region tandem repeats in plasma and central nervous system isolates correlate with poor clinical outcome in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Virol 2001; 75(12)5672–5676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala M, Vartanian J P, Kousignian P, Delfraissy J F, Taoufik Y, Wain-Hobson S, Gasnault J. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: absence of correlation between JC virus neurovirulence and polymorphisms in the transcriptional control region and the major capsid protein loci. J Gen Virol 2001; 82: 899–907, (Pt 4)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner C, Shinohara T, Durham L, Traub R, Major E O, Amemiya K. Expression of multiple classes of the nuclear factor-1 family in the developing human brain: differential expression of two classes of NF-1 genes. J Neurovirol 1996; 2(2)87–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taoufik Y, Gasnault J, Karaterki A, Pierre Ferey M, Marchadier E, Goujard C, Lannuzel A, Delfraissy J F, Dussaix E. Prognostic value of JC virus load in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 1998; 178(6)1816–1820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tassie J M, Gasnault J, Bentata M, Deloumeaux J, Boue F, Billaud E, Costagliola D. Survival improvement of AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of protease inhibitors. Clinical Epidemiology Group. French Hospital Database on HIV. AIDS 1999; 13(14)1881–1887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaz B, Cinque P, Pickhardt M, Weber T. Analysis of the transcriptional control region in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2001; 6(5)398–409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar