Role of metabolic syndrome components in human immunodeficiency virus–associated stroke

References

• Ahmadani MY, Hakeem R, Fawwad A, Basit A, Shera AS. Determination of reference values for elevated fasting and random insulin levels and their associations with metabolic risk factors among rural Pakistanis from Sindh Province. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2008; 6: 143–148
   Google Scholar
• Ballard CG, Burton EJ, Barber R, Stephens S, Kenny RA, Kalaria RN, O'Brien JT. NINDS AIREN neuroimaging criteria do not distinguish stroke patients with and without dementia. Neurology 2004; 63: 983–988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandaru VV, McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Cutler RG, Knapp EL, Mattson MP, Haughey NJ. Associative and predictive biomarkers of dementia in HIV-1-infected patients. Neurology 2007; 68: 1481–1487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banegas JR, Segura J, Sobrino J, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, de la Sierra A, de la Cruz JJ, Gorostidi M, Sarria A, Ruilope LM. Effectiveness of blood pressure control outside the medical setting. Hypertension 2007; 49: 62–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berger JR. AIDS and stroke risk. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 206–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden-Albala B. Current understanding of multiple risk factors as the metabolic syndrome: distillation or deconstruction. Semin Neurol 2006; 26: 108–116
   Google Scholar
• Bonita R, Mendis S, Truelsen T, Bogousslavsky J, Toole J, Yatsu F. The global stroke initiative. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 391–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonora E. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Ann Med 2006; 38: 64–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth ML, Hunter C, Gore CJ, Bauman A, Owen N. The relationship between body mass index and waist circumference: implications for estimates of the population prevalence of overweight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1058–1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslow NE, Clayton DG. Statistic in epidemiology: the case control study. J Am Stat Assoc 1993; 88: 9–25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler JW, Ward JW. A new definition for AIDS surveillance. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 390–392
   Google Scholar
• Carr A, Samaras K, Thorisdottir A, Kaufmann GR, Chisholm DJ, Cooper DA. Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Lancet 1999; 353: 2093–2099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirillo P, Sato W, Reungjui S, Heinig M, Gersch M, Sautin Y, Nakagawa T, Johnson RJ. Uric acid, the metabolic syndrome, and renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: S165–S168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole JW, Pinto AN, Hebel JR, Buchholz DW, Earley CJ, Johnson CJ, Macko RF, Price TR, Sloan MA, Stern BJ, Wityk RJ, Wozniak MA, Kittner SJ. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the risk of stroke. Stroke 2004; 35: 51–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor MD, Lammie GA, Bell JE, Warlow CP, Simmonds P, Brettle RD. Cerebral infarction in adult AIDS patients: observations from the Edinburgh HIV Autopsy Cohort. Stroke 2000; 31: 2117–2126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutinho Tde A, Turner ST, Peyser PA, Bielak LF, Sheedy PF, 2nd, Kullo IJ. Associations of serum uric acid with markers of inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20: 83–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005; 365: 1415–1428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engstrom JW, Lowenstein DH, Bredesen DE. Cerebral infarctions and transient neurologic deficits associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1989; 86: 528–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falutz J. Therapy insight: body-shape changes and metabolic complications associated with HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 651–661
   Google Scholar
• Fantoni M, Del Borgo C, Autore C, Barbaro G. Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral agents. Ital Heart J 2002; 3: 294–299
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Germinario RJ. Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors—‘a two edged sword?’. IUBMB Life 2003; 55: 67–70
   Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, Jr, Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735–2752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjortnaes J, Algra A, Olijhoek J, Huisman M, Jacobs J, van der Graaf Y, Visseren F. Serum uric Acid levels and risk for vascular diseases in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 1882–1887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoenig JM, Heisey DM. The abuse of power: the pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis. Am Stat 2001; 55: 19–24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanellis J, Kang DH. Uric acid as a mediator of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and vascular disease. Semin Nephrol 2005; 25: 39–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto R, Tomita H, Oka Y, Ohtsuka N. Relationship between serum uric acid concentration, metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis. Intern Med 2006; 45: 605–614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magliano DJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. How to best define the metabolic syndrome. Ann Med 2006; 38: 34–41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangili A, Jacobson DL, Gerrior J, Polak JF, Gorbach SL, Wanke CA. Metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients infected with HIV. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 1368–1374
   Google Scholar
• Mochan A, Modi M, Modi G. Stroke in black South African HIV-positive patients: a prospective analysis. Stroke 2003; 34: 10–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan D. Metabolic complications associated with HIV protease inhibitor therapy. Drugs 2003; 63: 2555–2574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onat A, Uyarel H, Hergenc G, Karabulut A, Albayrak S, Sari I, Yazici M, Keles I. Serum uric acid is a determinant of metabolic syndrome in a population-based study. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19: 1055–1062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz G, Koch S, Romano JG, Forteza AM, Rabinstein AA. Mechanisms of ischemic stroke in HIV-infected patients. Neurology 2007; 68: 1257–1261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer X. The metabolic syndrome: how to approach differing definitions. Med Clin North Am 2007; 91: 1025–1040, vii
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 2005; 45: 142–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto AN. AIDS and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1996; 27: 538–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Janssen RS, Karon JM, Weissman JP, Akbar MS, Safdar K, Frankel MR. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and stroke in young patients. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 1150–1153
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinstein AA. Stroke in HIV-infected patients: a clinical perspective. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 15: 37–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reker DM, Rosen AK, Hoenig H, Berlowitz DR, Laughlin J, Anderson L, Marshall CR, Rittman M. The hazards of stroke case selection using administrative data. Med Care 2002; 40: 96–104
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds T. Serum uric acid, the endothelium and hypertension: an association revisited. J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21: 591–593
   Google Scholar
• Sacktor N, Haughey N, Cutler R, Tamara A, Turchan J, Pardo C, Vargas D, Nath A. Novel markers of oxidative stress in actively progressive HIV dementia. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 157: 176–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schretlen DJ, Inscore AB, Vannorsdall TD, Kraut M, Pearlson GD, Gordon B, Jinnah HA. Serum uric acid and brain ischemia in normal elderly adults. Neurology 2007; 69: 1418–1423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Chai H, Yao Q, Chen C. Molecular mechanisms of HIV protease inhibitor-induced endothelial dysfunction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 44: 493–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright CB, Festa JR, Paik MC, Schmiedigen A, Brown TR, Yoshita M, Decarli C, Sacco R, Stern Y. White matter hyperintensities and subclinical infarction. Associations with psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility. Stroke 2008; 39: 800–805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar