The impact of a sex offender treatment programme on the attachment styles of incarcerated male sexual offenders

References

• Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244. 10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, E., Beech, A., & Tyson, M. (2006). Attachment disorganization and its relevance to sexual offending. Journal of Family Violence, 21, 221–231. 10.1007/s10896-006-9017-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beech, A., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E. (2005). Relationship between therapeutic climate and treatment outcome in group-based sexual offender treatment programs. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research & Treatment, 17, 127–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beggs, S. M., & Grace, R. C. (2011). Treatment gain for sexual offenders against children predicts reduced recidivism: A comparative validity study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 182–192. 10.1037/a0022900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaerts, S., Vanheule, S., & Declercq, F. (2005). Recalled parental bonding, adult attachment style, and personality disorders in child molesters: A comparative study. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 16, 445–458. 10.1080/14789940500094524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment ( 2nd ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Phillips, C. M. (2001). Do people agree to improve their mood? Catharsis, beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 17–32. 10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byng-Hall, J. (1999). Family & couple therapy: Toward greater security. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment (p. 630). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644–663. 10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozzarelli, C., Hoekstra, S. J., & Bylsma, W. H. (2000). General versus specific mental models of attachment: Are they associated with different outcomes? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 605–618. 10.1177/0146167200267008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., & Waters, E. (2002). Stability of attachment representations: The transition to marriage. Developmental Psychology, 38, 467–479. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/online/online_2/stability_final02.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dartnall, E., & Jewkes, R. (2013). Sexual violence against women: The scope of the problem. Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 3–13. 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrov, D. M., & Rumrill, P. D. (2003). Pretest-posttest designs and measurement of change. Work, 20, 159–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duwe, G., & Goldman, R. A. (2009). The impact of prison-based treatment on sex offender recidivism. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 279–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley, R. C. (2002). Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-analysis and dynamic modeling of developmental mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 123–151. 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. H. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. The Lancet, 368, 1260–1269. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxycu.wrlc.org/docview/199046989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady, M. D., & Brodersen, M. (2008). In their voices: Perspectives of incarcerated sex offenders on their treatment experiences. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 15, 320–345. 10.1080/10720160802516310
   Google Scholar
• Grady, M. D., Brodersen, M., & Abramson, J. M. (2011). The state of psychological measures for adult sexual offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 227–240. 10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady, M. D., & Strom-Gottfried, K. (2011). No easy answers: Ethical challenges working with sex offenders. Clinical Social Work Journal, 39(1), 18–27. 10.1007/s10615-010-0270-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430–445. 10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., Bourgon, G., Helmus, L., & Hodgson, S. (2009). The principles of effective correctional treatment also apply to sexual offenders: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 865–891. 10.1177/0093854809338545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., Gordon, A., Harris, A. J. R., Marques, J. K., Murphy, W., Quinsey, V. L., & Seto, M. C. (2002). First report of the Collaborative Outcome Data Project on the effectiveness of psychological treatment of sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14, 169–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Conceptualizing romantic love as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–524. 10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, S. M., & Ward, T. (2000). Interpersonal competency in sex offenders. Behavior Modification, 24, 494–527. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxycu.wrlc.org/docview/221345418?accountid = 9940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, S. M., Ward, T., & McCormack, J. C. (1999). Offense pathways in sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 779–798. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxycu.wrlc.org/docview/216848511?accountid = 9940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakupcak, M., Lisak, D., & Roemer, L. (2002). The role of masculine ideology and masculine gender role stress in men's perpetration of aggression and violence in relationships. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 3(2), 97–106. 10.1037/1524-9220.3.2.97
   Google Scholar
• Jung, S., & Gulayets, M. (2011). Using clinical variables to evaluate treatment effectiveness in programmes for sexual offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 17, 166–180. 10.1080/13552601003802238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenworthy, T., Adams, C. E., Brooks-Gordon, B., & Fenton, M. (2004). Psychological interventions for those who have sexually offended or are at risk of offending (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Klohnen, E. C., Weller, J. A., Luo, S., & Choe, M. (2005). Organization and predictive power of general and relationship-specific attachment models: One for all, and all for one? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1665–1682. 10.1177/0146167205278307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., & Lozano, R. (Eds.). (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2002/9241545615_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kurdek, L. A. (2002). On being insecure about the assessment of attachment styles. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19, 811–834. Retrieved from http://www.sfu.ca/psyc/faculty/bartholomew/faq_files/kurdek2002.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Prescott, D. S., & D'Amora, D. A. (2010). Sex offender treatment consumer satisfaction and engagement in therapy. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 307–326. 10.1177/0306624X08328752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lösel, F., & Schmucker, M. (2005). The effectiveness of treatment for sexual offenders: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1(1), 117–146. 10.1007/s11292-004-6466-7
   Google Scholar
• Lyn, T. S., & Burton, D. L. (2004). Adult attachment and sexual offender status. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 150–159. 10.1037/0002-9432.74.2.150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyn, T. S., & Burton, D. L. (2005). Attachment, anger and anxiety of male sexual offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 11(2), 127–137. 10.1080/13552600500063682
   Google Scholar
• Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenber, D. Cicchetti, & M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121–160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, W. L. (2010). The role of attachments, intimacy, and lonliness in the etiology and maintenance of sexual offending. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 25(1), 73–85. 10.1080/14681990903550191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques, J. K., Wideranders, M., Day, D. M., Nelson, C., & van Ommeren, A. (2005). Effects of a relapse prevention program on sexual recidivism: Final results from California's Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP). Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, 79–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayseless, O., Bartholomew, K., Henderson, A., & Trinke, S. (2004). “I was more her mom than she was mine:” Role reversal in a community sample. Family Relations, 53(1), 78–86. 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2004.00011.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCluskey, U. (2002). The dynamics of attachment and systems-centered group psychotherapy. Group Dynamics, Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(2), 131–142. 10.1037/1089-2699.6.2.131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, R. J., Cumming, G. F., Burchard, B. L., Zeoli, S., & Ellerby, L. (2009). Current practices and emerging trends in sexual abuser management: The safer society 2009 North American survey. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholaichuck, T., Gordon, A., Gu, D., & Wong, S. (2000). Outcome of an institutional sexual offender treatment program: A comparison between treated and matched untreated offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, 139–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nichols, H. R., & Molinder, I. (1984). Multiphasic sex inventory manual: A test to assess the psychosexual characteristics of the sexual offender. Tacoma, WA: Nichols & Molinder.
   Google Scholar
• O'Reilly, G., Carr, A., Murphy, P., & Cotter, A. (2010). A controlled evaluation of a prison-based sexual offender intervention program. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 22(1), 95–111. Retrieved from http://sax.sagepub.com/content/22/1/95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parish, M., & Eagle, M. N. (2003). Attachment to the therapist. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 20, 271–286. 10.1037/0736-9735.20.2.271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, L. R., & Spinner, B. (2001). General and specific attachment representations in adulthood: Is there a relationship? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18, 747–766. 10.1177/0265407501186001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawle, G. A., & Kear-Colwell, J. (2001). Adult attachment style and pedophilia: A developmental perspective. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(1), 32–50. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxycu.wrlc.org/docview/197147091?accountid = 9940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadish, W., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Smallbone, S. W., & Dadds, M. R. (1998). Childhood attachment and adult attachment in incarcerated adult male sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 555–573. 10.1177/088626098013005001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vondra, J. I., Shaw, D. S., Chrisman, J., Cohen, L., Swearinger, E., & Owens, E. B. (2001). Attachment stability and emotional and behavioral regulation from infancy to preschool age. Development and Psychopathology, 13(1), 13–33. 10.1017/S095457940100102X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Beech, A. R. (2008). An integrated theory of sexual offending. In D. R. Laws & W. T. O'Donohue (Eds.), Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment, and treatment (2nd ed., pp. 21–36). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, T., Hudson, S. M., & Marshall, W. L. (1996). Attachment style in sex offenders: A preliminary study. Journal of Sex Research, 33(1), 17–26. 10.1080/00224499609551811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Sexual Violence Resource Center. (2005). Worldwide sexual assault statistics. Retrieved from http://www.nsvrc.org/publications/fact-sheets/worldwide-sexual-assault-statistics
   Google Scholar
• Wormith, J. S., Althouse, R., Simpson, M., Reitzel, L. R., Fagan, T. J., & Morgan, R. D. (2007). The rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders: The current landscape and some future directions for correctional psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 879–892. 10.1177/0093854807301552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, D. (1997). A note on interpretation of the paired-samples t test. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 22, 349–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgoba, K. M., & Simon, L. M. J. (2005). Recidivism rates of sexual offenders up to 7 years later: Does treatment matter? Criminal Justice Review, 30, 155–173. 10.1177/0734016805284146
   Google Scholar