Epidural Injections

References

• Miller R.D., Munge W-L, Powell PE. - Chronic pain and local anaesthetic blockade, In: M.J. Cousins and P.O. Bridesbaugh (Eds). Neural Blockade in Clinical Anaesthesia and Management of Pain, Lippincott, Philadelphia 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Swerdlow M. and Sayle Geer, W. - A study of extradural medication in the relief of the lumbosciatic syndrome. Anaesthesia 25 (1970)-
   Google Scholar
• Breivik H., Hesla P.E., Motnar I., Lind B. - Treatment of chronic LBP and sciatica: comparison of caudal epidural steroid injection of bupivacaine and methylprednisolone with bupivacaine followed by saline In: JJ Bonica, D AlbeFesgards (Eds) Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Raven Press, NY 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Dilke T.F.W., Burry H.C., and Grahame R. - Extradural corticosteroid injection in management of lumbar nerve root compression. BMJ 2, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Yates D.W. - A comparison of types of epidural injection commonly used in treatment of LBP and sciatica. Rheum Rehab 17, (1978) 181–6
   Google Scholar
• Bush K, Hillier S - A controlled study of caudal epidural injections of triamcinolone plus procaine for the management of intractable sciatica. Spine, 1991, 16 5, 572–5.
   Google Scholar
• Ridley M.G., Kingsley G.H,, Gibson T, Grahame R, et al -Outpatient lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection in the management of sciatica. Br.Journal of Rheumatol. 1989 27, 295–9
   Google Scholar
• Beliveau P - A comparison of epidural anaesthesia with and without corticosteroid in sciatica. Rheum Phys.Med 11 (1971) 40–43.
   Google Scholar
• Snoek W, Weber H, Jorgensen B. - Double blind evaluation of extradural methyl prednisolone for herniated lumbardiscs. Act Orth. Scand 1977 48 635–41.
   Google Scholar
• Cuckler J.M, Bernini P.A., Weisel S.W., etal. - The use of epidural steroids in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain., Journal of Bone Joint Surg. 1986 67A, 63–6
   Google Scholar
• Olmarker K., Rydevik B - Autologous nucleus pulposus induces neurophysiologic and histologic changes in procine cauda equina nerve roots. Spine 1993; 18.1425–32.
   Google Scholar
• Olmarker K., Byrod G., Corneflord M., Nordborg C, Rydevik B - Effects of methyl prednisolone on nucleus pulposus induced nerve root injury Spine 1994 19:1803–8,
   Google Scholar
• Bogduk N Spine Update, Epidural Steroids - Spine Vol. 1995, 20, 845–848.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan B, Carr 0, Tugwell S. - (1982) Intraspinal corticosteroid injections-Med.J.Australia. Mar. 1982, 222–25.
   Google Scholar
• Benzon, T - Epidural Steroid Injections for low back pain and lumbosacral radiculopathy. Pain 24 (1986) 277–295.
   Google Scholar
• Burn M B et al - Duration of action of epidural methyl prednisolone. .American Journal of Physical Medicine, Vol 53 No 1
   Google Scholar
• Shealy, C. - Dangers of spinal injections without proper diagnosis - JAMA, 1966, 197, No 13.
   Google Scholar
• Sowter, M.C. etal - Delayed presentation of an extradural abscess complicating thoracic extradural analgesia. B.J. Anaesth.and Analg. 1997, 66–1 553–9.
   Google Scholar
• Chan S.Z. - Spinal epidural abscess following epidural injection for sciatica - Spine 1989 14. 106–108.
   Google Scholar
• Gouke, C.R - Extradural abscess following local anaesthetic and steroid injection for chronic low back pain - B.J. Anaesth 1990, 65-, 427–429
   Google Scholar
• Strong, W.E. - Epidural abscess associated with epidural catheterisation; A rare event? Report of two cases with markedly delayed presentation. Anaesthesiology 1991 74: 943–946.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, C.L. et al - Systemic side effects of extradural steroids - Anaesthetic 1980, 35, 593–94.
   Google Scholar
• Dougherty, H et al - Complications following intraspinal injections of steroids -J.Neurosurg 48: 1978,1023–1025
   Google Scholar
• Renfrew, Donald L. et al - Correct placement of epidural steroid injections - AJNR 1991, 12: 1003–1007.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson D.A. - Dangers from methylprednisolone acetate, therapy by intraspinal injection, Arch.Neurol 1988, 45, 804–806.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanagh S., Stevens J., Johnson J.R. - High resolution MRI in the investigation of recurrent pain after lumbar discectomy- Journal of Bone and Joint Surg. 1993 74, (4) 524–8.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw M.D.M., Russell J.A., Grossart K.W. - The changing pattern of spinal arachnoiditis Journal Neurol Neurosurg Psych. 1978 41 (2) 97–107.
   Google Scholar
• Roche J - Steroid induced arachnoiditis. Med J Australia 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Shantha T.R., Evans J.E. - Relationship of epidural anaesthesia to neural membranes and arachnoid villi -Anaesth 1972, 37, No. 5,
   Google Scholar
• Usubiaga J E, Wikinski J. - Transfer of local anaesthetics to the subarachnoid space and mechanisms of epidural block. Anaesth, 1964, 25, 752–9.
   Google Scholar
• Moore D.C., Hain R.H, - Importance of the perineural spaces in nerve blocking, JAMA 1954, 156,1050–1053
   Google Scholar
• Byrod G., Olmarker K. - Rapid transport route between the epidural space and the intraneural capillaries of the nerve roots, Spine 1995, 20; 138–143
   Google Scholar
• Nathan P.W. et al - Action of methyl hydroxybenzoate on nervous conduction. Nature, 1961, No.4803
   Google Scholar
• Feasby T.E. et al - Neurotoxicity of bacteriostatic Water. New England Journal of Medicine, 1983 308, No. 16.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, B et al - Flaccid paraparesis following obstetrical epidural anaesthesia: Possible role of benzyl alcohol - Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Current Researches, 1977, 56,
   Google Scholar
• King C. - Epidural administration of methylprednisolone acetate preserved with benzyl alcohol Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 1994, 28.
   Google Scholar
• Golightly, K, et al - Pharmaceutical excipents, adverse effects associated with inactive ingredients in drug products - Medical Toxicology 3 1988, 128–165
   Google Scholar
• Cicala, S - et al -.Methyprednisolone acetate does not cause inflammatory changes in the epidural space -Anesthesiology 1990, 72: 556.558
   Google Scholar
• Bromage P.R. - Spinal extradural abscess: pursuit of vigilance. B.J. Anaesth. 1993,70: 471–473.
   Google Scholar
• Saal J. S. - The role of inflammation in lumbar pain. Spine 1995, 20:1921–27.
   Google Scholar
• Delaney J. et al - Epidural steroid effects on nerves and meninges. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 1980, 59.
   Google Scholar
• Tanner J.A- - A retrospective survey of caudal epidural steroids. BIMM Symposium, 1995, London.
   Google Scholar
• Abram S.E, O’Connor TC - Complications associated with epidural steroid injections. Regional Anaest, 21 (2) 1996 149–162.
   Google Scholar
• Ransford A.0, Harris B J. - Localised arachnoiditis complicating lumbar disc lesions. J Bone Joint Surg, 1972, 54B: 656–665.
   Google Scholar
• French J.D. - Clinical manifestations of lumbar spinal arachnoiditis Surgery 1946, 20: 718–724.
   Google Scholar
• Blau J.W., Argue V. - Intermittent claudication in the cauda equina. Lancet 1961 1:1081–1085.
   Google Scholar
• Davis L.E, - The principles of neurological surgery, 4th Ed, London, H.Kimpton Medical Publisher, 1953: 394–398.
   Google Scholar
• Ramamurthy B. - Spinal arachnoiditis. Indian J Med Sci 1961. 15: 776–781.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen H.H., Lester J. - Diagnosis of spinal arachnoiditis by air myelography- Acta Neurol Scand 1969:45:376–380.
   Google Scholar
• Grinker R.R. - Chronic arachno-peritonitis with the syndrome of Froin. J Nerv Mental Dis 1926 64: 616–622.
   Google Scholar
• Kulowski J, Scott W - Localised adhesive spinal arachnoiditis. J Bone Joint Surg 1934 16:699–704,
   Google Scholar
• Epstein J.A., Epstein B.S, Lavine L.S., Rosenthal A,D, Decker R.E, Carras R. -Obliterative arachnoiditis complicating lumbar spinal stenosis, J Neurosurg 1978. 48:252–258.
   Google Scholar
• Brodsky A.E, - Cauda equina arachnoiditis. A correlative clinical and roentgenologic study. Spine 1978 3:51–60.
   Google Scholar
• Vloeberghs M, Herregodts P, Stadnik T, Goossens.A, D’Haens J - Spinal arachnoiditis mimicking a spinal cord tumour: A case report and review of the literature- Surg Neurol 1992 3 7:211–215.
   Google Scholar
• Quiles M, Marchisella P.J., Tsairis P. - Lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis: Etiologicand pathologic aspects. Spine 1978. 3: 45–50.
   Google Scholar
• Duke R.J, Hashimoto S.A. - Familial spinal arachnoiditis, Arch Neurol 1974 30: 300–303.
   Google Scholar