Agrammatism in a case of formal thought disorder: Beyond intellectual decline and working memory deficit

REFERENCES

• APA (American Psychiatric Association) . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Bagner , D. M. , Melinder , M. R. and Barch , D. M. 2003 . Language comprehension and working memory language comprehension and working memory deficits in patients with schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 60 ( 2–3 ) : 299 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , M. D. , Lysaker , P. H. , Beam-Goulet , J. L. , Milstein , R. M. and Lindenmayer , J. P. 1994 . Five-component model of schizophrenia: Assessing the factorial invariance of the positive and negative syndrome scale . Psychiatry Research , 52 ( 3 ) : 295 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boller , F. and Vignolo , L. A. 1966 . Latent sensory aphasia in hemisphere-damaged patients: An experimental study with the Token Test . Brain , 89 ( 4 ) : 815 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryson , G. , Bell , M. , Greig , T. and Kaplan , E. 1999 . Internal consistency, temporal stability and neuropsychological correlates of three cognitive components of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) . Schizophr Research , 38 ( 1 ) : 27 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , D. 2002 . “ The neural basis of syntactic processing: A critical look ” . In The handbook of adult language disorders , Edited by: Hillis , A. E. 331 – 350 . New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Caplan , D. , Waters , G. S. and Hildebrandt , N. 1997 . Determinants of sentence comprehension in aphasic patients in sentence-picture matching tasks . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 40 ( 3 ) : 542 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , D. , Waters , G. , Dede , G. , Michaud , J. and Reddy , A. 2007a . A study of syntactic processing in aphasia I: Behavioral (psycholinguistic) aspects . Brain and Language , 101 ( 2 ) : 103 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , D. , Waters , G. , Kennedy , D. , Alpert , N. , Makris , N. Dede , G. 2007b . A study of syntactic processing in aphasia II: Neurological aspects . Brain and Language , 101 ( 2 ) : 151 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaika , E. 1995 . “ On analysing schizophrenic speech: what model should we use? ” . In Speech and language disorders in psychiatry: Proceedings of the fifth Leeds Psychopathology Symposium , Edited by: Sims , A. 47 – 56 . London : The Royal College of Psychiatrists .
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , J. C. 1923 . Chapman-Cook speed of reading test , Ames, IA : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee , A. and Maher , L. 2000 . “ Grammar and agrammatism ” . In Aphasia and language: Theory to practice , Edited by: Nadeau , S. E. , Gonzalez Rothi , L. J. and Crosson , B. 133 – 156 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Comalli , P. E. Jr , Wapner , S. and Werner , H. 1962 . Interference effects of Stroop color-word test in childhood, adulthood, and aging . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 100 : 47 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condray , R. , Steinhauer , S. R. , van Kammen , D. P. and Kasparek , A. 2002 . The language system in schizophrenia: Effects of capacity and linguistic structure . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 28 ( 3 ) : 475 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington , M. A. , He , C. , Brown , C. , Naci , L. , McClain , J. T. Fjordbak , B. S. 2005 . Schizophrenia and the structure of language: The linguist's view . Schizophrenia Research , 77 ( 1 ) : 85 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson , L. L. and Heinrichs , R. W. 2003 . Quantification of frontal and temporal lobe brain-imaging findings in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis . Psychiatry Research , 122 ( 2 ) : 69 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis , D. C. , Kramer , J. H. , Kaplan , E. and Ober , B. A. 1987 . California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• DeLisi , L. E. 2001 . Speech disorder in schizophrenia: Review of the literature and exploration of its relation to the uniquely human capacity for language . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 27 ( 3 ) : 481 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick , F. , Bates , E. , Wulfeck , B. , Utman , J. A. , Dronkers , N. and Gernsbacher , M. A. 2001 . Language deficits, localization, and grammar: Evidence for a distributive model of language breakdown in aphasic patients and neurologically intact individuals . Psychological Review , 108 ( 4 ) : 759 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiSimoni , F. G. , Darley , F. L. and Aronson , A. E. 1977 . Patterns of dysfunction in schizophrenic patients on an aphasia test battery . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 42 ( 4 ) : 498 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• Dominguez, Mde , G. , Viechtbauer , W. , Simons , C. J. , van Os , J. and Krabbendam , L. 2009 . Are psychotic psychopathology and neurocognition orthogonal? A systematic review of their associations . Psychological Bulletin , 135 ( 1 ) : 157 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber , R. and Reichstein , M. B. 1981 . Language dysfunction in schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 139 : 519 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber , R. , Abrams , R. , Taylor , M. A. , Kasprison , A. , Morris , C. and Weisz , R. 1983 . Comparison of schizophrenic patients with formal thought disorder and neurologically impaired patients with aphasia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 140 ( 10 ) : 1348 – 1351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerson , S. N. , Benson , F. and Frazier , S. H. 1977 . Diagnosis: schizophrenia versus posterior aphasia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 134 ( 9 ) : 966 – 969 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfarb , R. , Stocker , B. , Eisenson , J. and DeSanti , S. 1994 . Communicative responsibility and semantic task in aphasia and ‘schizophasia’ . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 79 ( 2 ) : 1027 – 1039 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodglass , H. and Kaplan , E. 1983 . Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) , 2nd , Philadelphia, PA : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Halpern , H. and McCartin-Clark , M. 1984 . Differential language characteristics in adult aphasic and schizophrenic subjects . Journal of Communication Disorders , 17 ( 5 ) : 289 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrow , M. , O'Connell , E. M. , Herbener , E. S. , Altman , A. M. , Kaplan , K. J. and Jobe , T. H. 2003 . Disordered verbalizations in schizophrenia: A speech disturbance or thought disorder? . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 44 ( 5 ) : 353 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , R. L. and O'Grady , B. M. 2003 . Do people with schizophrenia comprehend what they read? . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 29 ( 3 ) : 499 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , S. R. , Fiszbein , A. and Opler , L. A. 1987 . The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 13 ( 2 ) : 261 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , E. F. , Goodglass , H. and Weintraub , S. 1983 . The Boston Naming Test , 2nd , Philadelphia, PA : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Kerns , J. G. and Berenbaum , H. 2002 . Cognitive impairments associated with formal thought disorder in people with schizophrenia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 111 ( 2 ) : 211 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killgore , W. D. and Adams , R. L. 1999 . Prediction of Boston Naming Test performance from vocabulary scores: Preliminary guidelines for interpretation . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 89 ( 1 ) : 327 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kircher , T. T. , Oh , T. M. , Brammer , M. J. and McGuire , P. K. 2005 . Neural correlates of syntax production in schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 186 : 209 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle , P. F. , Ngan , E. T. , Caissie , S. L. , Anderson , C. M. , Bates , A. T. Quested , D. J. 2002 . Thought and Language Index: An instrument for assessing thought and language in schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 181 : 326 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , J. 2002 . “ Assessment and treatment of sentence processing disorders: A review of the literature ” . In The handbook of adult language disorders , Edited by: Hillis , A. E. 351 – 372 . New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• McKenna , P. J. 1995 . “ The psychology of schizophrenic thought; the neuropsychology of schizophrenic speech ” . In Speech and language disorders in psychiatry: Proceedings of the Fifth Leeds Psychopathology Symposium , Edited by: Sims , A. 113 – 125 . London : The Royal College of Psychiatrists .
   Google Scholar
• McKenna , P. J. and Oh , T. M. 2005 . Schizophrenic speech: Making sense of bathroots and ponds that fall in doorways , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nespoulous , J. L. , Lecours , A. R. , Lafond , D. , Lemay , A. , Puel , M. and Joannette , Y. 1992 . Protocole Montreal-Toulouse d'examen linguistique de l'aphasie (MT86) , Isbergues, France : L'Ortho- .
   Google Scholar
• Oh , T. M. , McCarthy , R. A. and McKenna , P. J. 2002 . Is there a schizophasia? A study applying the single case approach to formal thought disorder in schizophrenia . Neurocase , 8 ( 3 ) : 233 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterrieth , P. A. 1944 . Le test de copie d'une figure complexe . Archives de Psychologie , 30 : 286 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. 1958 . Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 8 : 271 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Ferrera , S. , McCarthy , R. A. and McKenna , P. J. 2001 . Language in schizophrenia and its relationship to formal thought disorder . Psychological Medicine , 31 ( 2 ) : 197 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarrazin , G. 2004 . Test rendement pour francophones – TRF , Toronto, , Canada : Harcourt Assessment .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , E. , Sherman , E. M. S. and Spreen , O. 2006 . A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, norms, and commentary , 3rd , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Subotnik , K. L. , Nuechterlein , K. H. , Green , M. F. , Horan , W. P. , Nienow , T. M. Ventura , J. 2006 . Neurocognitive and social cognitive correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia patients . Schizophrenia Research , 85 ( 1–3 ) : 84 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1991 . Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1997a . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1997b . Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition Manual , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Weintraub , S. and Mesulam , M. M. 1988 . Visual hemispatial inattention: Stimulus parameters and exploratory strategies . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 51 ( 12 ) : 1481 – 1488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilshire , C. E. , Coslett , H. B. and Gonzalez Rothi , L. J. 2000 . “ Disorders of word retrieval in aphasia: Theories and potential applications ” . In Aphasia and language: Theory to practice , Edited by: Nadeau , S. E. and Crosson , B. 82 – 107 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wisco , J. J. , Kuperberg , G. , Manoach , D. , Quinn , B. T. , Busa , E. , Fischl , B. , Heckers , S. and Sorensen , A. C. 2007 . Abnormal cortical folding patterns within Broca's area in schizophrenia: Evidence from structural MRI . Schizophrenia Research , 94 ( 1–3 ) : 317 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodcock , R. , Mather , N. and McGrew , K. 2001 . Woodcock-Johnson-III Tests of achievement , Rolling Meadows, IL : Riverside Publishing .
   Google Scholar