Ethnicity and mental health encounters in primary care: help-seeking and help-giving for perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women in the UK

References

• Adam , B. , Beck , U. , and van Loon , J. , 2000 . The risk society and beyond critical issues for social theory . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , M. 2003 . The reflexive self and culture: a critique . British Journal of Sociology , 54 ( 2 ) : 221 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad , W. 1999 . “ Making black people sick: ‘race’, ideology and health research ” . In ‘Race’ and health in contemporary Britain , Edited by: Ahmad , W. 11 – 33 . Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , D. , Mead , N. and Campbell , S. 2002 . Inequalities in morbidity and consulting behaviour for socially vulnerable groups . British Journal of General Practice , 52 ( 475 ) : 124 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , D. and North , K. 1999 . Does employment improve the health of lone mothers? . Social Science & Medicine , 49 : 121 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berking , H. 1996 . “ Solidary individualism: the moral impact of cultural modernisation in late modernity ” . In Risk, environment and modernity: towards a new ecology , Edited by: Lash , S. , Szerszynski , B. and Wynne , B. 189 – 202 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Berthoud , R. and Nazroo , J. 1997 . The mental health of ethnic minorities . New Community , 23 ( 3 ) : 309 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhopal , R. , Macbeth , H. and Shetty , P. 2001 . “ Ethnicity and race as epidemiological variables: centrality of purpose and context ” . In Health and ethnicity. London: Taylor & Francis Edited by: Macbeth , H. M. and Shetty , P. S. 21 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhui , K. 2001 . Over-representation of Black people in secure psychiatric facilities . British Journal of Psychiatry , 178 ( 6 ) : 575
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhui , K. 1998 . African–Caribbean men remanded to Brixton Prison . British Journal of Psychiatry , 172 : 337 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhui , K. 2002 . Ethnic differences in the context and experience of psychiatric illness: a qualitative study , London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Boyd-Franklin , N. , Lockwood , T.W. and Walsh , F. 1999 . “ Spirituality and religion: implications for psychotherapy with African American clients and families ” . In Spiritual resources in family therapy , Edited by: Walsh , F. 90 – 103 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brockington , I. 1998 . Motherhood and mental health , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G.W. and Harris , T.O. 1978 . Social origins of depression: a study of psychiatric disorder in women , London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G.W. and Heller , T. 1996 . “ Life events, loss and depressive disorders ” . In Mental health matters: a reader , Edited by: Heller , T. , Reynolds , J. , Gomm , R. , Marsten , R. and Pattison , S. 36 – 52 . Houndmills, Basingstoke : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Buist , A. , Westley , D. and Hill , C. 1999 . Antenatal prevention of postnatal depression . Archives of Women's Mental Health , 1 : 167 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Busfield , J. 1999 . Mental health policy: making gender and ethnicity visible . Policy & Politics , 27 ( 1 ) : 57 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan , C. , Dittus , R. and William , T. 1996 . Primary care physicians' medical decision-making for late-life depression . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 11 ( 4 ) : 218 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAI 2007 Count me in 2007: results of the 2007 national census of inpatients in mental health and learning disability services in England and Wales London Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection (CHAI), Mental Health Act Commission & Care Services Improvement Partnership (CSIP)/National Institute for Mental Health in England (NIMHE)
   Google Scholar
• Conner , M. and Norman , P. 1996 . Predicting health behaviours: research and practice with social cognition models , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cornah , D. 2006 . The impact of spirituality on mental health – a review of the literature , London : Mental Health Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Cornwell , J. 1984 . Hard-earned lives: accounts of health and illness from East London , London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , J.L. , Holden , J.M. and Sagovsky , R. 1987 . Detection of postnatal depression-development of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale . British Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 782 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton , K. 1980 . Depression after childbirth , Oxford : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• DH 1999 National Service Frameworks (NSF) for mental health: modern standards and service models London Department of Health
   Google Scholar
• DH , 2002 . Women's mental health: into the mainstream – strategic development of mental health care for women . London : Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• DH , 2003 . Mainstreaming gender and women's mental health: implementation guidance . London : Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• DH , 2005 . Delivering race equality in mental health care: an action plan for reform inside and outside services and the government's response to the independent inquiry into the death of David Bennett . London : Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Edge , D. 2006 . Perinatal depression: its absence among Black Caribbean women . British Journal of Midwifery , 14 ( 11 ) : 646 – 652 .
   Google Scholar
• Edge , D. 2007a . Ethnicity, psychosocial risk, and perinatal depression – a comparative study among inner-city women in the United Kingdom . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 63 ( 3 ) : 291 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edge , D. 2007b . Perinatal depression and Black Caribbean women: lessons for primary care . Primary Health Care , 17 ( 2 ) : 32 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Edge D. forthcoming Falling through the net-black and minority ethnic (BME) women and perinatal mental healthcare: health professionals’ views General Hospital Psychiatry
   Google Scholar
• Edge , D. , Baker , D. and Rogers , A. 2004 . Perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women . Health & Social Care in the Community , 12 ( 5 ) : 430 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edge , D. and Rogers , A. 2005 . ‘Dealing with it’: Black Caribbean women's response to adversity and psychological distress associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and early motherhood . Social Science and Medicine , 61 ( 1 ) : 15 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbody , S. 2003 . Educational and organizational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care: a systematic review . JAMA , 289 ( 23 ) : 3145 – 3151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser , B.G. 1978 . Theoretical sensitivity: advances in the methodology of grounded theory , Mill Valley, CA : Sociology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Groopman , J. 2007 . How doctors think , 1st ed , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt .
   Google Scholar
• Hammersley , M. and Atkinson , P. 2007 . Ethnography: principles in practice , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Helman , C.G. 1994 . Culture, health and illness , Oxford : Butterworth Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , C. , Thornicroft , G. and Glover , G. 1998 . Inequalities in mental health . British Journal of Psychiatry , 173 : 105 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henwood , F. 2003 . ‘Ignorance is bliss sometimes’: constraints on the emergence of the ‘informed patient’ in the changing landscapes of health information . Sociology of Health and Illness , 25 ( 6 ) : 589 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickling , F.W. and Hutchinson , G. 1999 . Roast breadfruit psychosis: disturbed racial identification in African–Caribbeans . Psychiatric Bulletin , 23 : 132 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , E.S. 1994 . A review of unrecognized mental illness in primary care: prevalence, natural history, and efforts to change the course . Archives of Family Medicine , 3 ( 10 ) : 908 – 917 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hutchinson , G. 1997 . Increased rate of psychosis among African–Caribbeans in Britain is not due to an excess of pregnancy and birth complications . British Journal of Psychiatry , 171 : 145 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating , F. 2007 . African and Caribbean men and mental health: a race equality foundation briefing paper , London : Race Equality Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Keating F. et al. 2002 Breaking the circles of fear: a review of the relationship between mental health services and African and Caribbean communities London The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health
   Google Scholar
• Kendrick , T. 2000 . Why can't GPs follow guidelines on depression? . BMJ , 320 ( 7229 ) : 200 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilminster , R. 2008 . Narcissism or informalization? Christopher Lasch, Norbert Elias and social diagnosis . Theory, Culture and Society , 25 ( 3 ) : 131 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Koenig , H.G. 2008 . Religion and mental health: what should psychiatrists do? . Psychiatric Bulletin , 32 : 201 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Littlewood , R. 2001 . “ ‘Culture’ in the field of race and mental health ” . In Health and ethnicity , Edited by: Macbeth , H. and Shetty , P. 209 – 222 . London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Littlewood , R. and Lipsedge , M. 1997 . Aliens and alienists: ethnic minorities and psychiatry , London : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , K. 1993 . Depression and anxiety among Afro-Caribbean general practice attenders in Britain . The International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 39 ( 1 ) : 1 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lloyd , K. 1998 . Ethnicity, social inequality, and mental illness . British Medical Journal , 316 : 1763 – 1770 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lupton , D. 1997 . Consumerism, reflexivity and the medical encounter . Social Science and Medicine , 45 ( 3 ) : 373 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKian , S. , 2003 . A review of health seeking behaviour: problems and prospects . Manchester : The University of Manchester, Health Systems Development Programme .
   Google Scholar
• MacKian , S. , Bedri , N. and Lovel , H. 2004 . Up the garden path: where might health seeking behaviour take us? . Health Policy and Planning , 19 ( 3 ) : 137 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , T. 1997 . Social research: issues, methods and process , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mental Health Foundation , 2007 . Making space for spirituality: how to support service users . London : Mental Health Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Miles , M.B. and Huberman , A.M. 1994 . Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebooks , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Modood , T. 1997 . Ethnic minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage , London : Policy Studies Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Murali , V. and Oyebode , F. 2004 . Poverty, social inequality and mental health . Advances in Psychiatric Treatment , 10 ( 3 ) : 216 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadeem , E. 2007 . Does stigma keep poor young immigrant and U.S.-born black and latina women from seeking mental health care? . Psychiatric Services , 58 : 1547 – 1554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazroo , J.Y. 1997 . Ethnicity and mental health: findings from a National Community Survey , London : Policy Studies Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson , P. 1998 . Post-natal depression: psychology, science and the transition to motherhood , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• NIHME/Mental Health Foundation , 2003 . Inspiring hope: recognising the importance of spirituality in a whole person approach to mental health . London : National Institute for Mental Health in England/The Mental Health Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• O'Hara , M. and Swain , A. 1996 . Rates and risk of postpartum depression – a meta-analysis . International Review of Psychiatry , 8 : 37 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oates , M. 2003 . Postnatal depression and screening: too broad a sweep? . British Journal of General Practice , 53 : 596 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paykel , E.S. , Hart , D. and Priest , R.G. 1998 . Changes in public attitudes to depression during the defeat depression campaign . British Journal of Psychiatry , 173 : 519 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qualitative Solutions and Research (QSR) , 1997 . QSR NUD*IST . Melbourne : Richards .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , A. and Pilgrim , D. 1997 . The contribution of lay knowledge to the understanding and promotion of mental health . Journal of Mental Health , 6 ( 1 ) : 23 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Sashidharan , S.P. 1993 . Afro-Caribbeans and schizophrenia: the ethnic vulnerability hypothesis re-examined . International Review of Psychiatry , 5 ( 2–3 ) : 129 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Schnittker , J. , Freese , J. and Powell , B. 2000 . Nature, nurture, neither, nor: black–white differences in beliefs about the cause and appropriate treatment of mental illness . Social Forces , 78 ( 3 ) : 1101 – 1130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , C.M. 1999 . Prevalence of anxiety and depressive illness and help seeking behaviour in African Caribbeans and white Europeans: two phase general population survey . British Medical Journal , 318 : 302 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeran , P. and Abraham , C. 1996 . “ The health belief model ” . In Predicting health behaviour , Edited by: Conner , M. and Norman , P. 23 – 61 . Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , G.D. 2000 . Ethnic inequalities in health: a review of UK epidemiological evidence . Critical Public Health , 10 ( 4 ) : 375 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Spector , R. 2001 . Is there racial bias in clinicians’ perceptions of the dangerousness of psychiatric patients? A review of the literature . Journal of Mental Health , 10 ( 1 ) : 5 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Stoppard , J.M. 2000 . Understanding depression – feminist social constructionist approaches , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Swinton , J. 2001 . Spirituality and mental health care – rediscovering a forgotten dimension , London : Jessica Kingsley .
   Google Scholar
• Takei , N. 1998 . First episode of psychosis in Afro-Caribbean and White people . British Journal of Psychiatry , 172 : 147 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telles , J.L. and Pollack , M.H. 1981 . Feeling sick: the experience and legitimation of illness . Social Science & Medicine , 15A : 243 – 251 .
   Google Scholar
• Thorogood , N. 1989 . Afro-Caribbean women's experience of the health service . New Community , 15 ( 3 ) : 319 – 334 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , B. and Healy , D. 2000 . Disclosure of minor mental health problems: an exploratory theoretical study . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 35 ( 1 ) : 108 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar