References
- Aagren, M., and W. Luo. 2011. “Association between Glycemic Control and Short-term Healthcare Costs among Commercially Insured Diabetes Patients in the United States.” Journal of Medical Economics 14 (1): 108–114. doi:10.3111/13696998.2010.548432.
- Afroz, A., H. A. Chowdhury, M. Shahjahan, M. A. Hafez, M. N. Hassan, and L. Ali. 2016. “Association of Good Glycemic Control and Cost of Diabetes Care: Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh.” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 120: 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.07.030.
- Arnett, M. J., R. J. Thorpe Jr, D. J. Gaskin, J. V. Bowie, and T. A. LaVeist. 2016. “Race, Medical Mistrust, and Segregation in Primary Care as Usual Source of Care: Findings from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study.” Journal of Urban Health 93 (3): 456–467. doi:10.1007/s11524-016-0054-9.
- Betancourt, J. R., J. V. Duong, and M. R. Bondaryk. 2012. “Strategies to Reduce Diabetes Disparities: An Update.” Current Diabetes Reports 12 (6): 762–768. doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0324-1.
- Blanchard, J. C., Y. C. Haywood, and C. Scott. 2003. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health: An Emergency Medicine Perspective.” Academic Emergency Medicine 10 (11): 1289–1293. doi: 10.1197/S1069-6563(03)00501-3
- Boyle, J. P., T. J. Thompson, E. W. Gregg, L. E. Barker, and D. F. Williamson. 2010. “Projection of the Year 2050 Burden of Diabetes in the US Adult Population: Dynamic Modeling of Incidence, Mortality, and Prediabetes Prevalence.” Population Health Metrics 8: 945. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-8-29.
- Brown, L. E., R. Burton, B. Hixon, M. Kakade, P. Bhagalia, C. Vick, A. Edwards, and M. T. Hawn. 2012. “Factors Influencing Emergency Department Preference for Access to Healthcare.” Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 13 (5): 410–415. doi:10.5811/westjem.2011.11.6820.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
- Chiou, S. J., C. Campbell, L. Myers, R. Culbertson, and R. Horswell. 2010. “Factors Influencing Inappropriate use of ED Visits among Type 2 Diabetics in an Evidence-based Management Programme.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 16 (6): 1048–1054. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01248.x.
- Division of Diabetes Translation. 2015. Age-adjusted Incidence of Diagnosed Diabetes per 1000 Population Aged 18–79 Years, by Race/Ethnicity, United States, 1997–2014. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
- Heidemann, D. L., N. A. Joseph, A. Kuchipudi, D. W. Perkins, and S. Drake. 2016. “Racial and Economic Disparities in Diabetes in a Large Primary Care Patient Population.” Ethnicity & Disease 26 (1): 85–90. doi:10.18865/ed.26.1.85.
- Hong, R., B. M. Baumann, and E. D. Boudreaux. 2007. “The Emergency Department for Routine Healthcare: Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Perceptual Factors.” The Journal of Emergency Medicine 32 (2): 149–158. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.05.042.
- Inzucchi, S. E., R. M. Bergenstal, J. B. Buse, M. Diamant, E. Ferrannini, M. Nauck, A. L. Peters, A. Tsapas, R. Wender, D. R. Matthews. 2012. “Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Patient-Centered Approach: Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).” Diabetes Care 35 (6): 1364–79.
- Kim, K., J. S. Choi, E. Choi, C. L. Nieman, J. H. Joo, F. R. Lin, L. N. Gitlin, and H. R. Han. 2016. “Effects of Community-based Health Worker Interventions to Improve Chronic Disease Management and Care Among Vulnerable Populations: A Systematic Review.” American Journal of Public Health 106 (4): 671. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302987a.
- Kim, G., K. L. Ford, D. A. Chiriboga, and D. H. Sorkin. 2012. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare use, Delayed Care, and Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults in California.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 60 (12): 2319–2325. doi:10.1111/jgs.12003.
- LaVeist, T. A., R. J. Thorpe Jr, J. E. Galarraga, K. M. Bower, and T. L. Gary-Webb. 2009. “Environmental and Socio-economic Factors as Contributors to Racial Disparities in Diabetes Prevalence.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 24 (10): 1144–1148. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1085-7.
- Lee, J. A., C. F. Liu, and A. E. Sales. 2006. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Diabetes Care and Health Care use and Costs.” Prev Chronic Dis 3 (3): 1–12.
- Marcinkevage, J. A., C. J. Alverson, K. M. Narayan, H. S. Kahn, J. Ruben, and A. Correa. 2013. “Race/Ethnicity Disparities in Dysglycemia among U.S. Women of Childbearing age Found Mainly in the Nonoverweight/Nonobese.” Diabetes Care 36 (10): 3033–3039. doi:10.2337/dc12-2312.
- Mayo-Gamble, T. L., and H. C. Lin. 2014. “Healthcare Utilization and Diabetes Management Programs: Indiana 2006–2010.” Am J Manag Care 20 (10): e461–e468.
- McBrien, K. A., B. J. Manns, B. R. Hemmelgarn, R. Weaver, A. L. Edwards, N. Ivers, D. Rabi, et al. 2016. “The Association between Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics and Poor Glycaemic Control: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.” Diabetic Medicine 33 (11): 1499–1507. doi:10.1111/dme.13023.
- Mickey, R. M., and S. Greenland. 1989. “The Impact of Confounder Selection Criteria on Effect Estimation.” American Journal of Epidemiology 129 (1): 125–137. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101
- Narayan, K. M., J. P. Boyle, L. S. Geiss, J. B. Saaddine, and T. J. Thompson. 2006. “Impact of Recent Increase in Incidence on Future Diabetes Burden: U.S., 2005–2050.” Diabetes Care 29 (9): 2114–2116. doi:10.2337/dc06-1136.
- Peek, M. E., A. Cargill, and E. S. Huang. 2007. “Diabetes Health Disparities: A Systematic Review of Health Care Interventions.” Medical Care Research and Review 64 (Suppl 5): 101S–156S. doi:10.1177/1077558707305409.
- Peek, M. E., A. E. Wilkes, T. S. Roberson, A. P. Goddu, R. S. Nocon, H. Tang, M. T. Quinn, K. K. Bordenave, E. S. Huang, and M. H. Chin. 2012. “Early Lessons from an Initiative on Chicago’s South Side to Reduce Disparities in Diabetes Care and Outcomes.” Health Affairs 31 (1): 177–186. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.1058.
- Rust, G., J. Ye, P. Baltrus, E. Daniels, B. Adesunloye, and G. E. Fryer. 2008. “Practical Barriers to Timely Primary Care Access: Impact on Adult use of Emergency Department Services.” Archives of Internal Medicine 168 (15): 1705–1710. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.15.1705.
- Shenolikar, R. A., R. Balkrishnan, F. T. Camacho, J. T. Whitmire, and R. T. Anderson. 2006. “Race and Medication Adherence in Medicaid Enrollees with Type-2 Diabetes.” J Natl Med Assoc 98 (7): 1071–1077.
- Spanakis, E. K., and S. H. Golden. 2013. “Race/Ethnic Difference in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications.” Current Diabetes Reports 13 (6): 814–823. doi:10.1007/s11892-013-0421-9.
- U.S. Census Bureau. 2015. American Community Survey, 2006–2010; Detailed Tables; Generated by Thomas Ludden; Using American Factfinder.