References
- Bauer, Katrina R., Monica Brown, Rosemary D. Cress, Carol A. Parise, and Vincent Caggiano. 2007. “Descriptive Analysis of Estrogen Receptor (ER)-Negative, Progesterone Receptor (PR)-Negative, and HER2-Negative Invasive Breast Cancer, the so-Called Triple-Negative Phenotype: A Population-Based Study from the California Cancer Registry.” Cancer 109 (9): 1721–1728. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22618.
- Blackman, D. J., and C. M. Masi. 2006. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality: Are We Doing Enough to Address the Root Causes?” Journal of Clinical Oncology 24 (14): 2170–2178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.05.4734.
- Burgess, Diana J, Yingmei Ding, Margaret Hargreaves, Michelle van Ryn, and Sean Phelan. 2008. “The Association between Perceived Discrimination and Underutilization of Needed Medical and Mental Health Care in a Multiethnic Community Sample.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 19 (3): 894–911. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0063
- Carey, Lisa A., Charles M. Perou, Chad A. Livasy, Lynn G. Dressler, David Cowan, Kathleen Conway, Gamze Karaca, et al. 2006. “Race, Breast Cancer Subtypes, and Survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.” JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (21): 2492–2502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.21.2492.
- Carlisle, S. K. 2015. “Perceived Discrimination and Chronic Health in Adults from Nine Ethnic Subgroups in the USA.” Ethnicity & Health 20 (3): 309–326. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2014.921891
- Cawthon, Richard M. 2002. “Telomere Measurement by Quantitative PCR.” Nucleic Acids Research 30 (10): e47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/30.10.e47.
- Chae, David H., Karen D. Lincoln, Nancy E. Adler, and S. Leonard Syme. 2010. “Do Experiences of Racial Discrimination Predict Cardiovascular Disease among African American Men? The Moderating Role of Internalized Negative Racial Group Attitudes.” Social Science and Medicine 71 (6): 1182–1188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.045.
- Chae, David H., Amani M. Nuru-Jeter, and Nancy E. Adler. 2012. “Implicit Racial Bias as a Moderator of the Association between Racial Discrimination and Hypertension: A Study of Midlife African-American Men.” Psychosomatic Medicine 74 (9): 961–964. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182733665
- Chae, David H., Amani M. Nuru-Jeter, Nancy E. Adler, Gene H. Brody, Jue Lin, Elizabeth H. Blackburn, and Elissa S. Epel. 2014. “Discrimination, Racial Bias, and Telomere Length in African-American Men.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 46 (2): 103–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.020.
- Cronin, Kathleen A., Andrew J. Lake, Susan Scott, Recinda L. Sherman, Anne Michelle Noone, Nadia Howlader, S. Jane Henley, et al. 2018. “Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Part I: National Cancer Statistics.” Cancer. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31551.
- Curtis, Elana, Chris Quale, David Haggstrom, and Rebecca Smith-Bindman. 2008. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Breast Cancer Survival.” Cancer 112 (1): 171–180. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23131.
- Damjanovic, A. K., Y. Yang, R. Glaser, J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser, H. Nguyen, B. Laskowski, Y. Zou, D. Q. Beversdorf, and N. P. Weng. 2007. “Accelerated Telomere Erosion Is Associated with a Declining Immune Function of Caregivers of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients.” Journal of Immunology 179 (6): 4249–4254. doi: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4249
- DNA Genotek. 2016. “DNA Collection Kits.” Accessed February 29. http://www.dnagenotek.com/US/products/OGR500-005.html.
- Ennour-idrissi, Kaoutar, Elizabeth Maunsell, and Caroline Diorio. 2017. “Telomere Length and Breast Cancer Prognosis : A Systematic Review.” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0343.
- Epel, Elissa S., Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Jue Lin, Firdaus S. Dhabhar, Nancy E. Adler, Jason D. Morrow, and Richard M. Cawthon. 2004. “Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Response to Life Stress.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (49): 17312–17315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407162101.
- Gehlert, Sarah, Dana Sohmer, Tina Sacks, Charles Mininger, Martha McClintock, and Olufunmilayo Olopade. 2008. “Targeting Health Disparities: A Model Linking Upstream Determinants to Downstream Interventions.” Health Affairs 27 (2): 339–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.339.
- Gerend, Mary A., and Manacy Pai. 2008. “Social Determinants of Black-White Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality: A Review.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0633.
- Gomez, Scarlett Lin. 2012. Impact of Institutional and Individual-Level Discrimination on Medical Care & Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Survivors. Fremont, CA: Cancer Prevention Institute of California.
- Harper, Sam, John Lynch, Stephen C. Meersman, Nancy Breen, William W. Davis, and Marsha C. Reichman. 2009. “Trends in Area-Socioeconomic and Race-Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Incidence, Stage at Diagnosis, Screening, Mortality, and Survival among Women Ages 50 Years and Over (1987-2005).” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 18 (1): 121–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0679.
- Hausmann, L. R. M., K. Jeong, J. E. Bost, and S. A. Ibrahim. 2008. “Perceived Discrimination in Health Care and Health Status in a Racially Diverse Sample.” Medical Care 46 (9): 905–914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181792562.
- Kessler, Ronald C., Kristin D. Mickelson, and David R. Williams. 1999. “The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40 (3): 208–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2676349.
- Krieger, Nancy, and Stephen Sidney. 1996. “Racial Discrimination and Blood Pressure: The CARDIA Study of Young Black and White Adults.” American Journal of Public Health 86 (10): 1370–1378. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.86.10.1370.
- LaVeist, Thomas A., Robert Sellers, and Harold W. Neighbors. 2001. “Perceived Racism and Self and System Blame Attribution: Consequences for Longevity.” Ethnicity and Disease 11 (4): 711–721.
- Lee, Ellen C., Amy L. Whitehead, Richard M. Jacques, and Steven A. Julious. 2014. “The Statistical Interpretation of Pilot Trials: Should Significance Thresholds Be Reconsidered?” BMC Medical Research Methodology 14 (1): 41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-41.
- Lewis, Tené T., Allison E. Aiello, Sue Leurgans, Jeremiah Kelly, and Lisa L. Barnes. 2010. “Self-Reported Experiences of Everyday Discrimination Are Associated with Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels in Older African-American Adults.” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 24 (3): 438–443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.11.011.
- Li, Christopher I., Kathleen E. Malone, and Janet R. Daling. 2002. “Differences in Breast Cancer Hormone Receptor Status and Histology by Race and Ethnicity among Women 50 Years of Age and Older.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 11: 601–607.
- Li, Christopher I., Kathleen E. Malone, and Janet R. Daling. 2003. “Differences in Breast Cancer Stage, Treatment, and Survival by Race and Ethnicity.” Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (1): 49–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.1.49.
- Mays, Vickie M., Susan D. Cochran, and Namdi W. Barnes. 2007. “Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes among African Americans.” Annual Review of Psychology 58: 201–225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212.
- Newman, Lisa A., James Mason, David Cote, Yael Vin, Kathryn Carolin, David Bouwman, and Graham A. Colditz. 2002. “African-American Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Breast Cancer Survival: A Meta-Analysis of 14 Studies Involving Over 10,000 African-American and 40,000 White American Patients with Carcinoma of the Breast.” Cancer 94 (11): 2844–2854. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10575.
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2014. “2014 Povery Guidelines. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://aspe.hhs.gov/2014-poverty-guidelines.
- Perez-Stable, E. J., A. Afable-Munsuz, C. P. Kaplan, L. Pace, C. Samayoa, C. Somkin, D. Nickleach, et al. 2013. “Factors Influencing Time to Diagnosis after Abnormal Mammography in Diverse Women.” J Womens Health (Larchmt) 22 (2): 159–166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.3646
- Quach, Thu, Amani M. Nuru-Jeter, Pagan Morris, Laura Allen, Sarah J Shema, June K Winters, Gem M Le, and Scarlett Lin Gomez. 2012. “Experiences and Perceptions of Medical Discrimination among a Multiethnic Sample of Breast Cancer Patients in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, California.” American Journal of Public Health 102 (5): 1027–1034. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300554
- Ramirez, J., M. Elmofty, E. Castillo, M. DeRouen, S. Shariff-Marco, L. Allen, S. L. Gomez, A. M. Napoles, and L. Marquez-Magana. 2017. “Evaluation of Cortisol and Telomere Length Measurements in Ethnically Diverse Women with Breast Cancer Using Sensitive Methods.” J Community Genetics 8 (2): 75–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12687-016-0288-y
- Sellers, R. M., C. H. Caldwell, K. H. Schmeelk-Cone, and M. A. Zimmerman. 2003. “Racial Identity, Racial Discrimination, Perceived Stress, and Psychological Distress among African American Young Adults.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 44 (October): 302–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1519781.
- Shalev, Idan, Sonja Entringer, Pathik D. Wadhwa, Owen M. Wolkowitz, Eli Puterman, Jue Lin, and Elissa S. Epel. 2013. “Stress and Telomere Biology: A Lifespan Perspective.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 38 (9): 1835–1842. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.010.
- Shammas, Masood A. 2011. “Telomeres, Lifestyle, Cancer, and Aging.” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 14 (1): 28–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834121b1.
- Shariff-Marco, S., N. Breen, H. Landrine, B. B. Reeve, N. Krieger, G. C. Gee, D. R. Williams, et al. 2011. “Measuring Everyday Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in Health Surveys: How Best to Ask the Questions, in 1 or 2 Stages, across Multiple Racial/Ethnic Groups?” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8: 159–177. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X11000129
- Shavers, V. L., L. C. Harlan, and J. L. Stevens. 2003. “Racial/Ethnic Variation in Clinical Presentation, Treatment, and Survival among Breast Cancer Patients under Age 35.” Cancer 97 (1): 134–147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11051
- Shen, J., M. D. Gammon, M. B. Terry, Q. Wang, P. Bradshaw, S. L. Teitelbaum, A. I. Neugut, and R. M. Santella. 2009. “Telomere Length, Oxidative Damage, Antioxidants and Breast Cancer Risk.” International Journal of Cancer 124 (7): 1637–1643. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24105
- Shen, Jing, Mary Beth Terry, Irina Gurvich, Yuyan Liao, Ruby T. Senie, and Regina M. Santella. 2007. “Short Telomere Length and Breast Cancer Risk: A Study in Sister Sets.” Cancer Research 67 (11): 5538–5544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3490.
- Simon, M. S., M. Banerjee, H. Crossley-May, F. D. Vigneau, A. M. Noone, and K. Schwartz. 2006. “Racial Differences in Breast Cancer Survival in the Detroit Metropolitan Area.” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 97 (2): 149–155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-005-9103-x.
- Stepanikova, I., and G. R. Oates. 2017. “Perceived Discrimination and Privilege in Health Care: The Role of Socioeconomic Status and Race.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 52 (1S1): S86–S94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.024
- Taylor, Teletia R., Carla D. Williams, Kepher H. Makambi, Charles Mouton, Jules P. Harrell, Yvette Cozier, Julie R. Palmer, Lynn Rosenberg, and Lucile L. Adams-Campbell. 2007. “Racial Discrimination and Breast Cancer Incidence in US Black Women.” American Journal of Epidemiology 166 (1): 46–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm056.
- Telli, Melinda L., Ellen T. Chang, Allison W. Kurian, Theresa H M Keegan, Laura A. McClure, Daphne Lichtensztajn, James M. Ford, and Scarlett L. Gomez. 2011. “Asian Ethnicity and Breast Cancer Subtypes: A Study from the California Cancer Registry.” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 127 (2): 471–478. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-010-1173-8.
- Tyrka, A. R., L. H. Price, H. T. Kao, B. Porton, S. A. Marsella, and L. L. Carpenter. 2010. “Childhood Maltreatment and Telomere Shortening: Preliminary Support for an Effect of Early Stress on Cellular Aging.” Biological Psychiatry 67 (6): 531–534. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.014
- Vona-Davis, Linda, and David P Rose. 2009. “The Influence of Socioeconomic Disparities on Breast Cancer Tumor Biology and Prognosis: A Review.” Journal of Women’s Health 18 (6): 883–893. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2008.1127.
- Watson, Jennifer M, Isabel C Scarinci, Robert C Klesges, Deborah Slawson, and Bettina M Beech. 2002. “Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Perceived Discrimination among Healthy Women.” Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine 11 (5): 441–451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/15246090260137617
- Wentzensen, Ingrid M, Lisa Mirabello, Ruth M Pfeiffer, and Sharon A Savage. 2011. “The Association of Telomere Length and Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 20: 1238–1250. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0005
- Zhang, Chunli, Xiaohua Chen, Lu Li, Ying Zhou, Chao Wang, and Shuxun Hou. 2015. “The Association between Telomere Length and Cancer Prognosis: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis.” PLoS ONE 10: 7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133174.
- Zheng, Y. L., C. A. Loffredo, P. G. Shields, and S. M. Selim. 2009. “Chromosome 9 Arm-Specific Telomere Length and Breast Cancer Risk.” Carcinogenesis 30 (8): 1380–1386. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp151