Lifetime prevalence of syphilis infection among predominantly Black sexual and gender minorities living with HIV in Atlanta, Georgia: a cross-sectional analysis

References

• Abara, W. E., K. L. Hess, R. Neblett Fanfair, K. T. Bernstein, and G. Paz-Bailey. 2016. “Syphilis Trends among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States and Western Europe: A Systematic Review of Trend Studies Published Between 2004 and 2015.” PloS One 11 (7): e0159309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balán, I. C., J. Lopez-Rios, C. Dolezal, C. T. Rael, and C. Lentz. 2019. “Low Sexually Transmissible Infection Knowledge, Risk Perception and Concern About Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women at High Risk of Infection.” Sexual Health 16 (6): 580–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbee, L. A., S. Dhanireddy, S. A. Tat, and J. M. Marrazzo. 2015. “Barriers to Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing of HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men Engaged in HIV Primary Care.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 42 (10): 590–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becasen, J. S., C. L. Denard, M. M. Mullins, D. H. Higa, and T. A. Sipe. 2018. “Estimating the Prevalence of HIV and Sexual Behaviors among the US Transgender Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 2006-2017.” American Journal of Public Health, 109 (1): e1–e8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, K. T., J. Grey, G. Bolan, and S. O. Aral. 2018. “Developing a Topology of Syphilis in the United States.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 45 (9S Suppl 1): S1–S6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Billock, R. M., P. J. Mucha, E. Samoff, A. M. Dennis, B. W. Pence, J. L. Lund, and K. A. Powers. 2020. “Network Interconnectivity and Community Detection in HIV/Syphilis Contact Networks among Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 47 (11): 726–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow, Claire C., Jeffrey D. Klausner, and Anthony Tran. 2020. “Clinical Test Performance of a Rapid Point-of-Care Syphilis Treponemal Antibody Test: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 71: S52–S57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchacz, K., P. Patel, M. Taylor, P. R. Kerndt, R. H. Byers, S. D. Holmberg, and J. D. Klausner. 2004. “Syphilis Increases HIV Viral Load and Decreases CD4 Cell Counts in HIV-Infected Patients with New Syphilis Infections.” AIDS (London, England) 18 (15): 2075–2079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor, A. G., M. Pappas, M. Daeges, and H. D. Nelson. 2016. “Screening for Syphilis: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.” Jama 315 (21): 2328–2337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnevale, C., P. Richards, R. Cohall, J. Choe, J. Zitaner, N. Hall, A. Cohall, et al. 2021. “At-Home Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 48 (1): e11–e14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1999. The National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis from the United States. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health & Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2006. Together we Can: The National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis from the United States. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health & Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2015. “Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2015.” MMWR Recomm Rep 64 (No. RR-3): 1-137.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2017. CDC Call to Action: Let's Work Together to Stem the Tide of Rising Syphilis in the United States. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health & Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2018. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2017: Division of STD Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2020. HIV Surveillance Report: Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2018 (Updated): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, M. J., S. Scheer, T. Q. Nguyen, R. P. Kohn, and S. K. Schwarcz. 2018. “HIV Coinfection among Persons Diagnosed as Having Sexually Transmitted Diseases, San Francisco, 2007 to 2014.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 45 (8): 563–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denson, D. J., P. M. Padgett, N. Pitts, G. Paz-Bailey, T. Bingham, J. A. Carlos, P. McCann, N. Prachand, J. Risser, and T. Finlayson. 2017. “Health Care use and HIV-Related Behaviors of Black and Latina Transgender Women in 3 US Metropolitan Areas: Results from the Transgender HIV Behavioral Survey.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 75 (Suppl 3): S268–S275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Voux, A., S. Kidd, J. A. Grey, E. S. Rosenberg, T. L. Gift, H. Weinstock, and K. T. Bernstein. 2017. “State-Specific Rates of Primary and Secondary Syphilis among Men Who Have Sex with Men - United States, 2015.” MMWR.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66 (13): 349–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diagnostic Direct, LLC. 2015. Syphilis Health Check CLIA Waiver. Stone Harbor, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Eaton, L. A., D. D. Driffin, C. Kegler, H. Smith, C. Conway-Washington, D. White, and C. Cherry. 2015. “The Role of Stigma and Medical Mistrust in the Routine Health Care Engagement of Black Men Who Have Sex with Men.” American Journal of Public Health 105 (2): e75–e82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlatte, O., T. Salway, H. Samji, N. Dove, D. Gesink, M. Gilbert, J. L. Oliffe, T. Grennan, and J. Wong. 2018. “An Application of Syndemic Theory to Identify Drivers of the Syphilis Epidemic among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 45 (3): 163–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flagg, E. W., H. S. Weinstock, E. L. Frazier, E. E. Valverde, J. D. Heffelfinger, and J. Skarbinski. 2015. “Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections among HIV-Infected Patients in the United States: Estimates from the Medical Monitoring Project.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 42 (4): 171–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grey, J. A., K. T. Bernstein, P. S. Sullivan, S. E. Kidd, T. L. Gift, E. W. Hall, A. Hankin-Wei, H. S. Weinstock, and E. S. Rosenberg. 2017. “Rates of Primary and Secondary Syphilis among White and Black Non-Hispanic Men Who Have Sex with Men, United States, 2014.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 76 (3): e65–e73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, R. A., and J. D. Klausner. 2019. “Enhancing the Control of Syphilis among Men Who Have Sex with Men by Focusing on Acute Infectious Primary Syphilis and Core Transmission Groups.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 46 (10): 629–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffelfinger, J. D., E. B. Swint, S. M. Berman, and H. S. Weinstock. 2007. “Trends in Primary and Secondary Syphilis among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States.” American Journal of Public Health 97 (6): 1076–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelstein, D. U., and S. Woolhandler. 2016. “Public Health's Falling Share of US Health Spending.” American Journal of Public Health 106 (1): 56–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hixson, L. K., L. Drach, J. E. Maher, A. T. Knapp, J. S. Ferrer, and T. W. Menza. 2019. “Factors Associated with Increased Syphilis Screening among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 46 (8): 521–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogben, M., and J. S. Leichliter. 2008. “Social Determinants and Sexually Transmitted Disease Disparities.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 35 (12 Suppl): S13–S18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, S., E. Torrone, J. Su, and H. Weinstock. 2018. “Reported Primary and Secondary Syphilis Cases in the United States: Implications for HIV Infection.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 45 (9S Suppl 1): S42–S47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landovitz, R. J., J. L. Gildner, and A. A. Leibowitz. 2018. “Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing of HIV-Positive Medicare and Medicaid Enrollees Falls Short of Guidelines.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 45 (1): 8–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larios Venegas, A., H. M. Melbourne, I. A. Castillo, K. Spell, W. Duquette, K. Villamizar, G. Gallo, D. Parris, and L. M. Rojas. 2020. “Enhancing the Routine Screening Infrastructure to Address a Syphilis Epidemic in Miami-Dade County.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 47 (5S Suppl 1): S61–S65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, E., J. Kim, J. H. Bang, J. Y. Lee, and S. I. Cho. 2020. “Association of HIV-Syphilis Coinfection with Optimal Antiretroviral Adherence: A Nation-Wide Claims Study.” AIDS Care 32 (5): 651–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leenen, J., C. J. P. A. Hoebe, R. P. Ackens, D. Posthouwer, I. H. M. van Loo, P. F. G. Wolffs, and N. H. T. M. Dukers-Muijrers. 2020. “Pilot Implementation of a Home-Care Programme with Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Hepatitis B, and Syphilis Self-Sampling in HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men.” BMC Infectious Diseases 20 (1): 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichliter, J. S., K. Heyer, T. A. Peterman, M. A. Habel, K. A. Brookmeyer, S. S. Arnold Pang, M. R. Stenger, G. Weiss, and T. L. Gift. 2017. “US Public Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinical Services in an Era of Declining Public Health Funding: 2013-14.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 44 (8): 505–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichliter, J. S., K. O'Donnell, K. Kelley, K. M. Cuffe, G. Weiss, and T. L. Gift. 2020. “Availability of Safety-Net Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinical Services in the U.S., 2018.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 58 (4): 555–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabey, D., R. W. Peeling, R. Ballard, A. S. Benzaken, E. Galbán, J. Changalucha, D. Everett, et al. 2006. “Prospective, Multi-Centre Clinic-Based Evaluation of Four Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Syphilis.” Sexually Transmitted Infections 82 (Suppl 5): v13–v16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martos, A. J., P. Valera, W. O. Bockting, and P. A. Wilson. 2016. “Exploring Sexual Health among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in New York City.” Health Education Research 31 (3): 295–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson, C. L., H. Bradley, L. Beer, C. Johnson, W. S. Pearson, R. L. Shouse, and Medical Monitoring Project. 2017. “Increased Sexually Transmitted Disease Testing among Sexually Active Persons Receiving Medical Care for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States, 2009-2013.” Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 64 (5): 629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, K. H. 2018. “Old Pathogen, New Challenges: A Narrative Review of the Multilevel Drivers of Syphilis Increasing in American Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 45 (9S Suppl 1): S38–S41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millett, G., D. Malebranche, B. Mason, and P. Spikes. 2005. “Focusing “Down Low”: Bisexual Black Men, HIV Risk and Heterosexual Transmission.” Journal of the National Medical Association 97 (7 Suppl): 52S–59S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, S., B. Naik, B. Venugopal, P. Kudur, R. Washington, M. Becker, J. Kenneth, et al. 2010. “Syphilis Screening among Female Sex Workers in Bangalore, India: Comparison of Point-of-Care Testing and Traditional Serological Approaches.” Sexually Transmitted Infections 86 (3): 193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagendra, G., C. Carnevale, N. Neu, A. Cohall, and J. Zucker. 2020. “The Potential Impact and Availability of Sexual Health Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 47 (7): 434–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, M. P., S. Sembajwe, A. M. Rompalo, and J. M. Zenilman. 2021. “Impacts of Sexually Transmitted Disease/HIV Outreach Sites on the Effectiveness of Detecting New Infections in Baltimore City, 2015 to 2018.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 48 (1): 1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttbrock, L. A., and S. J. Hwahng. 2017. “Ethnicity, Sex Work, and Incident HIV/STI among Transgender Women in New York City: A Three-Year Prospective Study.” AIDS and Behavior 21 (12): 3328–3335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obafemi, O. A., K. A. Wendel, T. S. Anderson, T. E. Scott, S. E. Rowan, E. A. Travanty, and C. A. Rietmeijer. 2019. “Rapid Syphilis Testing for Men Who Have Sex with Men in Outreach Settings: Evaluation of Test Performance and Impact on Time to Treatment.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 46 (3): 191–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong, J. J., H. Fu, M. K. Smith, and J. D. Tucker. 2018. “Expanding Syphilis Testing: A Scoping Review of Syphilis Testing Interventions among Key Populations.” Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 16 (5): 423–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, W. S., R. Cramer, G. Tao, J. S. Leichliter, T. L. Gift, and K. W. Hoover. 2016. “Willingness to use Health Insurance at a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic: A Survey of Patients at 21 US Clinics.” American Journal of Public Health 106 (8): 1511–1513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez, A. E., K. E. Gamarel, J. J. van den Berg, and D. Operario. 2020. “Sexual and Behavioral Health Disparities among African American Sexual Minority Men and Women.” Ethnicity & Health 25 (5): 653–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterman, T. A., J. Su, K. T. Bernstein, and H. Weinstock. 2015. “Syphilis in the United States: On the Rise?” Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 13 (2): 161–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philbin, M. M., C. M. Parker, R. G. Parker, P. A. Wilson, J. Garcia, and J. S. Hirsch. 2018. “Gendered Social Institutions and Preventive Healthcare Seeking for Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: The Promise of Biomedical HIV Prevention.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 47 (7): 2091–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poteat, T. 2016. “Transgender People and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs).”, accessed December 16, 2020, https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/stis.
   Google Scholar
• Pouget, E. R. 2017. “Social Determinants of Adult Sex Ratios and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Transmission of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections in the USA.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B, Biological Sciences 372 (1729): 20160323. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quilter, L., S. Dhanireddy, and J. Marrazzo. 2017. “Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in HIV-Infected Individuals.” Current HIV/AIDS Reports 14 (2): 41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reback, C. J., K. Clark, I. W. Holloway, and J. B. Fletcher. 2018. “Health Disparities, Risk Behaviors and Healthcare Utilization among Transgender Women in Los Angeles County: A Comparison from 1998-1999 to 2015-2016.” AIDS and Behavior 22 (8): 2524–2533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refugio, O. N., and J. D. Klausner. 2018. “Syphilis Incidence in Men Who Have Sex with Men with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Comorbidity and the Importance of Integrating Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention Into HIV Care.” Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 16 (4): 321–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, C. P., and J. D. Klausner. 2016. “Global Challenges in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Syphilis Coinfection among Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 14 (11): 1037–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutledge, S. E., J. B. Jemmott 3rd, A. O'Leary, and L. D. Icard. 2018. “What's in an Identity Label? Correlates of Sociodemographics, Psychosocial Characteristics, and Sexual Behavior among African American Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 47 (1): 157–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salerno, J. P., R. Turpin, D. Howard, T. Dyer, E. M. Aparicio, and B. O. Boekeloo. 2020. “Health Care Experiences of Black Transgender Women and Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Qualitative Study.” The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care: JANAC 31 (4): 466–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, T. H., M. Zlotorzynska, M. Rai, and S. D. Baral. 2020. “Characterizing the Impact of COVID-19 on Men Who Have Sex with Men Across the United States in April, 2020.” AIDS and Behavior 24 (7): 2024–2032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, R., P. J. Carson, and R. J. Jansen. 2019. “Resurgence of Syphilis in the United States: An Assessment of Contributing Factors.” Infectious Diseases 12: 1178633719883282.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, M. M., K. H. Mayer, D. V. Glidden, A. Y. Liu, V. M. McMahan, J. V. Guanira, S. Chariyalertsak, T. Fernandez, R. M. Grant, and iPrEx Study Team. 2014. “Syphilis Predicts HIV Incidence among Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex with Men in a Preexposure Prophylaxis Trial.” Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 59 (7): 1020–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer, K. W., O. Hankivsky, and L. M. Bates. 2012. “Gender and Health: Relational, Intersectional, and Biosocial Approaches.” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 74 (11): 1661–1666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford, K. A., A. Hazra, E. Friedman, S. Devlin, N. Winkler, J. P. Ridgway, and J. Schneider. 2020. “Opt-Out, Routine Emergency Department Syphilis Screening as a Novel Intervention in at-Risk Populations.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 48 (5): 347–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StatCorp LLC. 2017. Stata Statistical Software, Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Su, J. R., J. F. Beltrami, A. A. Zaidi, and H. S. Weinstock. 2011. “Primary and Secondary Syphilis among Black and Hispanic Men Who Have Sex with Men: Case Report Data from 27 States.” Annals of Internal Medicine 155 (3): 145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, P. S. 2018. “Practical Considerations for Implementing a New Syphilis Action Plan.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 45 (9S Suppl 1): S78–S79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sullivan, P. S., D. W. Purcell, J. A. Grey, K. T. Bernstein, T. L. Gift, T. A. Wimbly, E. Hall, and E. S. Rosenberg. 2018. “Patterns of Racial/Ethnic Disparities and Prevalence in HIV and Syphilis Diagnoses among Men Who Have Sex with Men, 2016: A Novel Data Visualization.” American Journal of Public Health 108 (S4): S266–S273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor, M. M., D. R. Newman, J. A. Schillinger, F. M. Lewis, B. Furness, S. Braunstein, T. Mickey, et al. 2015. “Viral Loads among HIV-Infected Persons Diagnosed with Primary and Secondary Syphilis in 4 US Cities: New York City, Philadelphia, PA, Washington, DC, and Phoenix, AZ.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 70 (2): 179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinh, M. H., M. Agénor, S. B. Austin, and C. L. Jackson. 2017. “Health and Healthcare Disparities among U.S. Women and Men at the Intersection of Sexual Orientation and Race/Ethnicity: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Public Health 17 (1): 1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trinity Biotech. 2021. “Syphilis Health Check.”, accessed April 1, 2021, https://www.trinitybiotech.com/products/syphilis-health-check-3/.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. D., C. H. Bien, and R. W. Peeling. 2013. “Point-of-Care Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections: Recent Advances and Implications for Disease Control.” Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 26 (1): 73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpin, R., A. D. Rosario, and T. Dyer. 2020. “Barriers to Syphilis Testing among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Sexual Health 17 (3): 201–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, J. A., and G. A. Bolan. 2018. “Syphilis Elimination: Lessons Learned Again.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 45 (9S Suppl 1): S80–S85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Gerwen, O. T., A. Jani, D. M. Long, E. L. Austin, K. Musgrove, and C. A. Muzny. 2020. “Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Transgender Persons: A Systematic Review.” Transgender Health 5 (2): 90–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Loo, I. H. M., N. H. T. M. Dukers-Muijrers, R. Heuts, M. A. B. van der Sande, and C. J. P. A. Hoebe. 2017. “Screening for HIV, Hepatitis B and Syphilis on Dried Blood Spots: A Promising Method to Better Reach Hidden High-Risk Populations with Self-Collected Sampling.” PloS One 12 (10): e0186722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuger, A. 2012. “HIV Continues to Target Young Black MSM … and Syphilis Isn'T Far Behind.” Journal Watch.AIDS Clinical Care 24 (1): 4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar