Resistance training responses across race and ethnicity: a narrative review

References

• Álvarez, C., R. Ramírez-Vélez, R. Ramírez-Campillo, A. Lucia, A. M. Alonso-Martinez, H. Faúndez, E. L. Cadore, and M. Izquierdo. 2019. “Improvements Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Latin American Amerindians (the Mapuche) with Concurrent Training.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 29 (6): 886–896. doi:10.1111/sms.13409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand, S. S., M. A. Tarnopolsky, S. Rashid, K. M. Schulze, D. Desai, A. Mente, S. Rao, S. Yusuf, H. C. Gerstein, and A. M. Sharma. 2011. “Adipocyte Hypertrophy, Fatty Liver and Metabolic Risk Factors in South Asians: The Molecular Study of Health and Risk in Ethnic Groups (mol-SHARE).” PloS One 6 (7): e22112. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo, A. B., G. R. Chiu, V. Kupelian, S. A. Hall, R. E. Williams, R. V. Clark, and J. B. McKinlay. 2010. “Lean Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Function in a Diverse Population of men: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Public Health 10 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-508.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashton, R. E., G. A. Tew, J. J. Aning, S. E. Gilbert, L. Lewis, and J. M. Saxton. 2020. “Effects of Short-Term, Medium-Term and Long-Term Resistance Exercise Training on Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes in Adults: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 54 (6): 341–348. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brothers, R. M., P. J. Fadel, and D. M. Keller. 2019. “Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Mechanisms of Vascular Dysfunction.” American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 317 (4): H777–HH89. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00126.2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, E. C., D. S. Buchan, S. A. Madi, B. N. Gordon, and D. Drignei. 2020. “Grip Strength Cut Points for Diabetes Risk Among Apparently Healthy U.S. Adults.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 58 (6): 757–765. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.01.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, E. C., B. A. Franklin, J. G. Regensteiner, and K. J. Stewart. 2020. “Effects of Single Bout Resistance Exercise on Glucose Levels, Insulin Action, and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.” Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 34 (8): 107610. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun, D. A., M. L. Mutinga, A. S. Collins, J. M. Wyss, and S. Oparil. 1993. “Normotensive Blacks Have Heightened Sympathetic Response to Cold Pressor Test.” Hypertension 22 (6): 801–805. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.22.6.801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L. Q., A. Rohatgi, C. R. Ayers, S. R. Das, A. Khera, J. D. Berry, D. K. McGuire, and J. A. de Lemos. 2011. “Race-specific Associations of Myeloperoxidase with Atherosclerosis in a Population-Based Sample: The Dallas Heart Study.” Atherosclerosis 219 (2): 833–838. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y. J., A. M. Kanaya, M. R. G. Araneta, S. H. Saydah, H. S. Kahn, E. W. Gregg, W. Y. Fujimoto, and G. Imperatore. 2019. “Prevalence of Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2011-2016.” Jama 322 (24): 2389–2398. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.19365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, M. D., K. S. Heffernan, S. Ranadive, J. A. Woods, and B. Fernhall. 2013. “Effect of Resistance Training on Biomarkers of Vascular Function and Oxidative Stress in Young African-American and Caucasian men.” Journal of Human Hypertension 27 (6): 388–392. doi:10.1038/jhh.2012.48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormie, P., M. McGuigan, and R. Newton. 2011. “Developing Maximal Neuromuscular 463 Power. Part 1-Biological Basis of Maximal Power Production.” Sports Medicine 464 (38): 41. doi:10.2165/11537690-000000000-00000.
   Google Scholar
• Donges, C., R. Duffield, and E. Drinkwater. 2010. “Effects of Resistance or Aerobic Exercise Training on Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, and Body Composition.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42: 304–313. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b117ca.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew, R. C., N. Charkoudian, and J. Park. 2020. “Neural Control of Cardiovascular Function in Black Adults: Implications for Racial Differences in Autonomic Regulation.” American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318 (2): R234–R244. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00091.2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, D., M. Visser, R. E. De Meersman, D. Sepúlveda, R. N. Baumgartner, R. N. Pierson, T. Harris, and S. B. Heymsfield. 1997. “Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass: Effects of age, Gender, and Ethnicity.” Journal of Applied Physiology 83 (1): 229–239. doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, J. E., P.-F. J. Chang, I.-M. Bergés, C. V. Granger, and K. J. Ottenbacher. 2008. “Race/Ethnicity and Outcomes Following Inpatient Rehabilitation for hip Fracture.” The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 63 (8): 860–866. doi:10.1093/gerona/63.8.860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackler III, E., J. Lew, M. O. Gore, C. R. Ayers, D. Atzler, A. Khera, A. Rohatgi, A. Lewis, I. Neeland, and T. Omland. 2019. “Racial Differences in Cardiovascular Biomarkers in the General Population.” Journal of the American Heart Association 8 (18): e012729. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.012729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan, K. S., C. A. Fahs, G. A. Iwamoto, S. Y. Jae, K. R. Wilund, J. A. Woods, and B. Fernhall. 2009. “Resistance Exercise Training Reduces Central Blood Pressure and Improves Microvascular Function in African American and White men.” Atherosclerosis 207 (1): 220–226. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan, K. S., S. Y. Jae, V. J. Vieira, G. A. Iwamoto, K. R. Wilund, J. A. Woods, and B. Fernhall. 2009. “C-reactive Protein and Cardiac Vagal Activity Following Resistance Exercise Training in Young African-American and White men.” American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296 (4): R1098–RR105. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90936.2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, B. R., S. Whitman, and C. A. Henry. 2014. “Age-adjusted Diabetes Mortality Rates Vary in Local Communities in a Metropolitan Area: Racial and Spatial Disparities and Correlates.” Diabetes Care 37 (5): 1279–1286. doi:10.2337/dc13-0988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, G. R., D. R. Bryan, J. H. Borges, M. David Diggs, and S. J. Carter. 2018. “Racial Differences in Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass Loss During Diet-Induced Weight Loss in Women.” Obesity 26 (8): 1255–1260. doi:10.1002/oby.22201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, G. R., N. M. Byrne, B. Sirikul, J. R. Fernández, P. A. Zuckerman, B. E. Darnell, and B. A. Gower. 2008. “Resistance Training Conserves Fat-Free Mass and Resting Energy Expenditure Following Weight Loss.” Obesity 16 (5): 1045–1051. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, J. B., and T. Bennett. 2003. “Use of Race and Ethnicity in Biomedical Publication.” Jama 289 (20): 2709–2716. doi:10.1001/jama.289.20.2709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimm, S. Y., N. W. Glynn, C. E. Aston, C. M. Damcott, E. T. Poehlman, S. R. Daniels, and R. E. Ferrell. 2002. “Racial Differences in the Relation Between Uncoupling Protein Genes and Resting Energy Expenditure.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75 (4): 714–719. doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.4.714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox, A., N. Sculthorpe, J. S. Baker, and F. Grace. 2017. “Strength Adaptation to Squat Exercise is Different Between Caucasian and South Asian Novice Exercisers.” Research in Sports Medicine 25 (3): 373–383. doi:10.1080/15438627.2017.1314293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox, A., N. Sculthorpe, and F. Grace. 2018. “Caucasian and south Asian men show equivalent improvements in surrogate biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health following 6-weeks of supervised resistance training.” F1000Research 7: 1334. doi:10.12688/f1000research.15376.2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leong, D. P., K. K. Teo, S. Rangarajan, P. Lopez-Jaramillo, A. Avezum Jr, A. Orlandini, P. Seron, S. H. Ahmed, A. Rosengren, and R. Kelishadi. 2015. “Prognostic Value of Grip Strength: Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study.” The Lancet 386 (9990): 266–273. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62000-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancilla, V. J., N. C. Peeri, T. Silzer, R. Basha, M. Felini, H. P. Jones, N. Phillips, M.-H. Tao, S. Thyagarajan, and J. K. Vishwanatha. 2020. “Understanding the Interplay Between Health Disparities and Epigenomics.” Frontiers in Genetics 11: 903. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayet, J., M. Shahi, R. A. Foale, N. R. Poulter, P. S. Sever, and S. Thom. 1994. “Racial Differences in Cardiac Structure and Function in Essential Hypertension.” Bmj 308 (6935): 1011–1014. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6935.1011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips, S. M., and R. A. Winett. 2010. “Uncomplicated Resistance Training and Health-Related Outcomes: Evidence for a Public Health Mandate.” Current Sports Medicine Reports 9 (4): 208. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7da73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qadir, R., N. F. Sculthorpe, T. Todd, and E. C. Brown. 2021. “Effectiveness of Resistance Training and Associated Program Characteristics in Patients at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Sports Medicine-Open 7 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1186/s40798-021-00321-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ranadive, S. M., H. Yan, A. D. Lane, R. M. Kappus, M. D. Cook, P. Sun, I. Harvey, R. Ploutz-Synder, J. A. Woods, and K. R. Wilund. 2016. “Aerobic Exercise Training and Arterial Changes in African Americans Versus Caucasians.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (1): 90–97. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven, P. B., P. J. Fadel, and S. Ogoh. 2006. “Arterial Baroreflex Resetting During Exercise: A Current Perspective.” Experimental Physiology 91 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raygor, V., F. Abbasi, L. C. Lazzeroni, S. Kim, E. Ingelsson, G. M. Reaven, and J. W. Knowles. 2019. “Impact of Race/Ethnicity on Insulin Resistance and Hypertriglyceridaemia.” Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 16 (2): 153–159. doi:10.1177/1479164118813890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, A. S., C. M. Tomeleri, M. F. Souza, F. L. C. Pina, B. J. Schoenfeld, M. A. Nascimento, D. Venturini, D. S. Barbosa, and E. S. Cyrino. 2015. “Effect of Resistance Training on C-Reactive Protein, Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile in Older Women with Differing Levels of RT Experience.” Age 37 (6): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s11357-015-9849-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts, C. K., D. Won, S. Pruthi, S. Kurtovic, R. K. Sindhu, N. D. Vaziri, and R. J. Barnard. 2006. “Effect of a Short-Term Diet and Exercise Intervention on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, MMP-9, and Monocyte Chemotactic Activity in men with Metabolic Syndrome Factors.” Journal of Applied Physiology 100 (5): 1657–1665. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01292.2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roig, M., K. O’Brien, G. Kirk, R. Murray, P. McKinnon, B. Shadgan, and W. Reid. 2009. “The Effects of Eccentric Versus Concentric Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Mass in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 43 (8): 556–568. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.051417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock, S., S. Whitman, J. F. West, and M. Balkin. 2014. “Racial Disparities in Diabetes Mortality in the 50 Most Populous US Cities.” Journal of Urban Health 91 (5): 873–885. doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9861-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, E. C., W. D. Franke, R. L. Sharp, and D.-c. Lee. 2019. “Comparative Effectiveness of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Training on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” PloS One 14 (1): e0210292. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, A. D., N. R. Kandula, F. Lin, M. A. Allison, J. Carr, D. Herrington, K. Liu, and A. M. Kanaya. 2016. “Less Favorable Body Composition and Adipokines in South Asians Compared with Other US Ethnic Groups: Results from the MASALA and MESA Studies.” International Journal of Obesity 40 (4): 639–645. doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoever, K., A. Heber, S. Eichberg, and K. Brixius. 2018. “Influences of Resistance Training on Physical Function in Older, Obese men and Women with Sarcopenia.” Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 41 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1519/JPT.0000000000000105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stull, A. J., J. E. Galgani, W. D. Johnson, and W. T. Cefalu. 2010. “The Contribution of Race and Diabetes Status to Metabolic Flexibility in Humans.” Metabolism 59 (9): 1358–1364. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.12.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukala, W. R., R. Page, and B. S. Cheema. 2012. “Exercise Training in High-Risk Ethnic Populations with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 97 (2): 206–216. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe Jr, R. J., L. J. Parker, R. J. Cobb, F. Dillard, and J. Bowie. 2017. “Association Between Discrimination and Obesity in African-American men.” Biodemography and Social Biology 63 (3): 253–261. doi:10.1080/19485565.2017.1353406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treiber, F. A., R. W. Jackson, H. Davis, J. S. Pollock, G. Kapuku, G. A. Mensah, and D. M. Pollock. 2000. “Racial Differences in Endothelin-1 at Rest and in Response to Acute Stress in Adolescent Males.” Hypertension 35 (3): 722–725. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.35.3.722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, D. R., and V. H. Heyward. 2000. “Measures of Body Composition in Blacks and Whites: A Comparative Review.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (6): 1392–1402. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinsier, R. L., G. R. Hunter, P. A. Zuckerman, D. T. Redden, B. E. Darnell, D. E. Larson, B. R. Newcomer, and M. I. Goran. 2000. “Energy Expenditure and Free-Living Physical Activity in Black and White Women: Comparison Before and After Weight Loss.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (5): 1138–1146. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, L. H., C. A. Slentz, L. A. Bateman, A. T. Shields, L. W. Piner, C. W. Bales, J. A. Houmard, and W. E. Kraus. 2012. “Effects of Aerobic and/or Resistance Training on Body Mass and fat Mass in Overweight or Obese Adults.” Journal of Applied Physiology 113 (12): 1831–1837. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01370.2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winnick, J. J., T. Gaillard, and D. P. Schuster. 2008. “Resistance Training Differentially Affects Weight Loss and Glucose Metabolism of White and African American Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” Ethnicity and Disease 18 (2): 152. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48667325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, S. T., N. G. Jablonski, and W. L. Kenney. 2020. “Examining “Race” in Physiology.” American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 319 (6): H1409–H1413. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00698.2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar