Economic disadvantage and depressive symptoms among Arab and Jewish women in Israel: the role of social support and formal services

References

• Abu-Kaf, S., O. Nakash, T. Hayat, and M. Cohen. 2020. “Emotional Distress among the Bedouin Arab and Jewish Elderly in Israel: The Roles of Gender, Discrimination, and Self-Esteem.” Psychiatry Research 291: 113203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achdut, N., and O. Sarid. 2020. “Socio-economic Status, Self-Rated Health and Mental Health: The Mediation Effect of Social Participation on Early-Late Midlife and Older Adults.” Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 9 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-019-0359-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, N. E., and D. H. Rehkopf. 2008. “U.S. Disparities in Health: Descriptions, Causes, and Mechanisms.” Annual Review of Public Health 29 (1): 235–252. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agbaria, Q., and B. El-Garbia. 2014. “Religiosity, Social Support, Self-Control and Happiness as Moderating Factors of Physical Violence among Arab Adolescents in Israel.” Creative Education 5 (2): 75–85. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2014.52013
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, G. K., K. Elbeh, R. M. Shams, M. A. A. Malek, and A. K. Ibrahim. 2021. “Prevalence and Predictors of Postpartum Depression in Upper Egypt: A Multicenter Primary Health Care Study.” Journal of Affective Disorders 290: 211–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Krenawi, A., J. R. Graham, and M. Fakher-Aldin. 2003. “Telephone Counseling: A Comparison of Arab and Jewish Israeli Usage.” International Social Work 46 (4): 495–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872803464006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegría, M., A. NeMoyer, I. F. Bagué, Y. Wang, and K. Alvarez. 2018. “Social Determinants of Mental Health: Where we are and Where we Need to go.” Current Psychiatry Reports 20 (11): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0969-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfayumi-Zeadna, S., V. Kaufman-Shriqui, A. Zeadna, A. Lauden, and I. Shoham-Vardi. 2015. “The Association between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Postpartum Depression Symptoms among Arab-Bedouin Women in Southern Israel.” Depression and Anxiety 32 (2): 120–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, F. M., S. L. Hatch, C. Comacchio, and L. M. Howard. 2017. “Prevalence and Risk of Mental Disorders in the Perinatal Period among Migrant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Archives of Women’s Mental Health 20 (3): 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0723-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoub, K., A. Shaheen, and S. Hajat. 2020. “Postpartum Depression in the Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review.” Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 16 (Suppl 1): 142–155. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017902016010142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnett, M. A. 2008. “Economic Disadvantage in Complex Family Systems: Expansion of Family Stress Models.” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 11 (3): 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-008-0034-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Harush, A., M. Schiff, N. Sulimani, and R. Pat-Horenczyk. 2021. “Postpartum Depression, Complications During Pregnancy, and Offspring Behavior Problems in Early Childhood.” Child & Youth Care Forum 51: 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-021-09630-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhuiyan, A., N. Kabir, M. Payton, and A. Mitra. 2019. “Prevalence and Socioeconomic Disparities in Depression among US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015–2016.” Journal of Public Health Issues and Practices 3 (2): 145. https://doi.org/10.33790/jphip1100145
   Google Scholar
• Bøen, H., O. S. Dalgard, and E. Bjertness. 2012. “The Importance of Social Support in the Associations Between Psychological Distress and Somatic Health Problems and Socio-Economic Factors among Older Adults Living at Home: A Cross Sectional Study.” BMC Geriatrics 12 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-12-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braun-Lewensohn, O., S. Abu-Kaf, and T. Kalagy. 2021. “Hope and Resilience During a Pandemic among Three Cultural Groups in Israel: The Second Wave of Covid-19.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 637349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braveman, P. 2006. “Health Disparities and Health Equity: Concepts and Measurement.” Annual Review of Public Health 27 (1): 167–194. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braveman, P., S. Egerter, and D. R. Williams. 2011. “The Social Determinants of Health: Coming of age.” Annual Review of Public Health 32 (1): 381–398. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, Timothy A. 2015. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. 2nd ed. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brummelte, S., and L. A. M. Galea. 2016. “Postpartum Depression: Etiology, Treatment and Consequences for Maternal Care.” Hormones and Behavior 77: 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgut, F. T., A. Bener, S. Ghuloum, and J. Sheikh. 2013. “A Study of Postpartum Depression and Maternal Risk Factors in Qatar.” Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 34 (2): 90–97. https://doi.org/10.3109/0167482X.2013.786036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceballos, M., G. Wallace, and G. Goodwin. 2017. “Postpartum Depression among African-American and Latina Mothers Living in Small Cities, Towns, and Rural Communities.” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 4 (5): 916–927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-016-0295-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasson, M., O. Taubman-Ben-Ari, and S. Abu-Sharkia. 2020. “Jewish and Arab Pregnant Women’s Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Contribution of Personal Resources.” Ethnicity & Health 26 (1): 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2020.1815000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernichovsky, D., B. Bisharat, L. Bowers, A. Brill, and C. Sharony. 2017. “The Health of the Arab Israeli Population.” State of the Nation Report 325.
   Google Scholar
• Chojenta, C., D. Loxton, and J. Lucke. 2012. “How do Previous Mental Health, Social Support, and Stressful Life Events Contribute to Postnatal Depression in a Representative Sample of Australian Women?” Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 57 (2): 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00140.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, C. P., A. N. Kwasky, and C. J. Groh. 2015. “Social Support, Postpartum Depression, and Professional Assistance: A Survey of Mothers in the Midwestern United States.” The Journal of Perinatal Education 24 (1): 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.24.1.48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgard, O. S. 2008. “Social Inequalities in Mental Health in Norway: Possible Explanatory Factors.” International Journal for Equity in Health 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-7-27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daoud, N., S. Alfayumi-Zeadna, A. Tur-Sinai, N. Geraisy, and I. Talmud. 2020. “Residential Segregation, Neighborhood Violence and Disorder, and Inequalities in Anxiety among Jewish and Palestinian-Arab Perinatal Women in Israel.” International Journal for Equity in Health 19 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01339-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daoud, N., V. Soskolne, J. S. Mindell, M. A. Roth, and O. Manor. 2018. “Ethnic Inequalities in Health Between Arabs and Jews in Israel: The Relative Contribution of Individual-Level Factors and the Living Environment.” International Journal of Public Health 63 (3): 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-1065-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamantopoulos, Adamantios, and Judy A. Siguaw. 2006. “Formative Versus Reflective Indicators in Organizational Measure Development: A Comparison and Empirical Illustration.” British Journal of Management 17 (4): 263–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00500.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domènech-Abella, J., J. Mundó, M. Leonardi, S. Chatterji, B. Tobiasz-Adamczyk, S. Koskinen, Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos, and J. M. Haro. 2018. “The Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Depression among Older Adults in Finland, Poland and Spain: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of Distinct Measures and Pathways.” Journal of Affective Disorders 241:311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilat-Tsanani, S., A. Merom, S. Romano, A. Reshef, I. Lavi, and H. Tabenkin. 2006. “The Effect of Postpartum Depression on Women's Consultations with Physicians.” IMAJ-RAMAT GAN 8 (6): 406.
   Google Scholar
• Fung, K., and C. L. Dennis. 2010. “Postpartum Depression among Immigrant Women.” Current Opinion in Psychiatry 23 (4): 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833ad721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gal, G., H. Munitz, and I. Levav. 2017. “Double Disparities in the Health Care for People with Schizophrenia of an Ethnic-National Minority.” Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 6 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-016-0129-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gariepy, G., H. Honkaniemi, and A. Quesnel-Vallee. 2016. “Systematic Review of Current Findings in Western Countries.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 209 (4): 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.169094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, S. H., M. H. Rouse, A. M. Connell, M. R. Broth, C. M. Hall, and D. Heyward. 2011. “Maternal Depression and Child Psychopathology: A Meta-analytic Review.” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 14 (1): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-010-0080-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grav, S., O. Hellzèn, U. Romild, and E. Stordal. 2012. “Association between Social Support and Depression in the General Population: The HUNT Study, a Cross-sectional Survey.” Journal of Clinical Nursing 21 (1–2): 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03868.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn-Holbrook, J., T. Cornwell-Hinrichs, and I. Anaya. 2018. “Economic and Health Predictors of National Postpartum Depression Prevalence: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-Regression of 291 Studies from 56 Countries.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 8:248. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, K. M., J. Y. Park, H. E. Park, S. R. An, E. H. Lee, H. K. Yoon, and Y. H. Ko. 2019. “Social Support Moderates Association between Posttraumatic Growth and Trauma-related Psychopathologies among Victims of the Sewol Ferry Disaster.” Psychiatry Research 272:507–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoebel, J., U. E. Maske, H. Zeeb, and T. Lampert. 2017. “Social Inequalities and Depressive Symptoms in Adults: The Role of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status.” PLoS One 12 (1): e0169764. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, F., C. Cerulli, M. N. Wittink, E. D. Caine, and P. Qiu. 2015. “Depression, Social Support and Associated Factors among Women Living in Rural China: A Cross-sectional Study.” BMC Women's Health 15 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-014-0159-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Population – Statistical Abstract of Israel 2016 – No.67. Accessed 3 October 2023. https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/Pages/2016/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-2016-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8-67-.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2020. Births and Fertility in Israel. Accessed 3 October 2023. https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/mediarelease/Pages/2022/Births-and-Fertility-in-Israel-2020.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, G., S. Glasser, H. Murad, A. Atamna, G. Alpert, U. Goldbourt, and O. Kalter-Leibovici. 2010. “Depression Among Arabs and Jews in Israel: A Population-based Study.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 45: 931–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., and L. F. Berkman. 2001. “Social Ties and Mental Health.” Journal of Urban Health 78 (3): 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/78.3.458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimhi, S., Y. Eshel, H. Marciano, and B. Adini. 2020. “Distress and Resilience in the Days of COVID-19: Comparing Two Ethnicities.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (11): 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klest, B., J. J. Freyd, and M. M. Foynes. 2013. “Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Symptoms in Hawaii: Gender, Ethnicity, and Social Context.” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 5 (5): 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster, A., H. Bosma, G. I. J. M. Kempen, B. W. J. H. Penninx, A. T. F. Beekman, D. J. H. Deeg, and J. T. M. van Eijk. 2006. “Socioeconomic Differences in Incident Depression in Older Adults: The Role of Psychosocial Factors, Physical Health Status, and Behavioral Factors.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61 (5): 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. 1993. “Coping Theory and Research: Past, Present, and Future.” In Fifty Years of the Research and Theory of RS Lazarus: An Analysis of Historical and Perennial Issues, 366–388.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., and R. S. Lazarus. 1991. Emotion and Adaptation. Oxford University Press on Demand.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. O., T. I. Herrenkohl, R. Kosterman, C. M. Small, and J. D. Hawkins. 2013. “Educational Inequalities in the Co-occurrence of Mental Health and Substance Use Problems, and its Adult Socio-economic Consequences: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults in a Community Sample.” Public Health 127 (8): 745–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lépine, J. P., and M. Briley. 2011. “The Increasing Burden of Depression.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 7 (1): 3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Le Strat, Y., C. Dubertret, and B. Le Foll. 2011. “Prevalence and Correlates of Major Depressive Episode in Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the United States.” Journal of Affective Disorders 135 (1–3): 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levav, I., A. Al-Krenawi, A. Ifrah, N. Geraisy, A. Grinshpoon, R. Khwaled, and D. Levinson. 2007. “Common Mental Disorders among Arab-Israelis: Findings from the Israel National Health Survey.” Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 44 (2): 104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller-Cribbs, J. E., and N. B. Farber. 2008. “Kin Networks and Poverty among African Americans: Past and Present.” Social Work 53 (1): 43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, E. S., F. A. Mosalem, E. M. Mahfouz, and M. A. Abd ElHameed. 2014. “Predictors of Postpartum Depression among Rural Women in Minia, Egypt: An Epidemiological Study.” Public Health 128 (9): 817–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojtabai, R., and M. Olfson. 2004. “Major Depression in Community-Dwelling Middle-aged and Older Adults: Prevalence and 2- and 4-Year Follow-up Symptoms.” Psychological Medicine 34 (4): 623–634. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhsen, K., M. S. Green, V. Soskolne, and Y. Neumark. 2017. “Inequalities in Non-communicable Diseases Between the Major Population Groups in Israel: Achievements and Challenges.” The Lancet 389 (10088): 2531–2541. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30574-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntaner, C., W. W. Eaton, R. Miech, and P. O’Campo. 2004. “Socioeconomic Position and Major Mental Disorders.” Epidemiologic Reviews 26 (1): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxh001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health Law. 1994. Accessed November 2, 2023. https://extranet.who.int/mindbank/item/5236.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2020. Fertility Rates. Paris: OECD Publishing. Accessed 3 October 2023. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/fertility-rates/indicator/english_8272fb01-en.
   Google Scholar
• Park, M., U. Brain, R. E. Grunau, A. Diamond, and T. F. Oberlander. 2018. “Maternal Depression Trajectories from Pregnancy to 3 Years Postpartum are Associated with Children’s Behavior and Executive Functions at 3 and 6 Years.” Archives of Women's Mental Health 21 (3): 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0803-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peleg, O., and M. Zoabi. 2014. “Social Anxiety and Differentiation of Self: A Comparison of Jewish and Arab College Students.” Personality and Individual Differences 68:221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilania, M., M. Bairwa, N. Kumar, P. Khanna, and H. Kurana. 2013. “Elderly Depression in India: An Emerging Public Health Challenge.” The Australasian Medical Journal 6 (3): 107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pines, A. M., and N. Zaidman. 2003. “Gender, Culture, and Social Support: A Male–Female, Israeli Jewish–Arab Comparison.” Sex Roles 49 (11): 571–586. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000003128.99279.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper-Giveon, A., and Y. Keshet. 2016. “'It’s Every Family’s Dream': Choice of a Medical Career among the Arab Minority in Israel.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 18 (5): 1148–1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0252-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. 1977. “The CES-D Scale: A Self-report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population.” Applied Psychological Measurement 1 (3): 385–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, D. 2011. “Prevalence and Clinical Course of Depression: A Review.” Clinical Psychology Review 31 (7): 1117–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safran, M. A., R. A. Mays, L. N. Huang, R. McCuan, P. K. Pham, S. K. Fisher, K. Y. McDuffie, and A. Trachtenberg. 2009. “Mental Health Disparities.” American Journal of Public Health 99 (11): 1962–1966. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherbourne, C. D., and A. L. Stewart. 1991. “The MOS Social Support Survey.” Social Science & Medicine 32 (6): 705–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shwartz, N., I. Shoahm-Vardi, and N. Daoud. 2019. “Postpartum Depression among Arab and Jewish Women in Israel: Ethnic Inequalities and Risk Factors.” Midwifery 70:54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simhi, M., O. Sarid, and J. Cwikel. 2019. “Preferences for Mental Health Treatment for Post-Partum Depression among new Mothers.” Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 8 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-019-0354-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simhi, M., and A. Yoselis. 2022. “Are We Overlooking the Obvious? Addressing Social Determinants of Health that Contribute to Perinatal Depression.” Australian Journal of Primary Health 29:207–216. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY22002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studd, J., and R. E. Nappi. 2012. “Reproductive Depression.” Gynecological Endocrinology, 42–45. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2012.651932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomassini, C., K. Glaser, and J. Askham. 2003. “Getting by Without a Spouse: Living Arrangements and Support of Older People in Italy and Great Britain.” In Gender and Ageing: Changing Roles and Relationships, edited by S. Arber, K. Davidson, and J. Ginn, 111–126. London: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. R., J. H. Hammer, D. L. Vogel, R. L. Bitman, N. G. Wade, and E. J. Maier. 2013. “Disentangling Self-stigma: Are Mental Illness and Help-seeking Self-stigmas Different?” Journal of Counseling Psychology 60 (4): 520–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uebelacker, L. A., C. B. Eaton, R. Weisberg, M. Sands, C. Williams, D. Calhoun, JoAnn E. Manson, Natalie L. Denburg, and T. Taylor. 2013. “Social Support and Physical Activity as Moderators of Life Stress in Predicting Baseline Depression and Change in Depression Over Time in the Women’s Health Initiative.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 48 (12): 1971–1982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0693-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. 2001. Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity—A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.
   Google Scholar
• Van Groenou, M. B., K. Glaser, C. Tomassini, and T. Jacobs. 2006. “Socio-economic Status Differences in Older People's Use of Informal and Formal Help: A Comparison of Four European Countries.” Ageing and Society 26 (5): 745. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X06005241
   Google Scholar
• Vonneilich, N., K. H. Jöckel, R. Erbel, J. Klein, N. Dragano, S. Weyers, Susanne Moebus, Johannes Siegrist, and O. von dem Knesebeck. 2011. “Does Socioeconomic Status Affect the Association of Social Relationships and Health? A Moderator Analysis.” International Journal for Equity in Health 10 (1): 43–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-10-43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyers, S., N. Dragano, S. Möbus, E. M. Beck, A. Stang, S. Möhlenkamp, Karl Heinz Jöckel, Raimund Erbel, and J. Siegrist. 2008. “Low Socio-Economic Position is Associated with Poor Social Networks and Social Support: Results from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study.” International Journal for Equity in Health 7 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-7-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar