From encountering confederate flags to finding refuge in spaces of solidarity: Filipino temporary foreign workers’ experiences of the public in Alberta

References

• Abu-Laban, Y. (1998). Keeping 'Em out: Gender, race, and class biases in Canadian immigration policy. In V. Strong-Boag & S. Grace (Eds.), Painting the maple: Essays on race, gender and the construction of Canada (pp. 69–84). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, B., & Hughes, V. (2015). Introduction. In B. Anderson & V. Hughes (Eds.), Citizenship and Its others (pp. 1–9). New York, NY: Palgrave-Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, A. J., Wright, R. A., Mountz, A., & Miyares, I. M. (2002). (Re)producing salvadoreans’ transnational geographies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(1), 125–144. doi: 10.1111/1467-8306.00283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto, M. A., Manzano, S., Ramirez, R., & Rim, K. (2009). Mobilization, participation and solidaridad: Latino participation in the 2006 immigrant protest rallies. Urban Affairs Review, 44(5), 736–764. doi: 10.1177/1078087409332925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. H. (2016). Multiple modes of care: Internet and migrant caregiver networks in Israel. Global Networks, 16(2), 237–256. doi: 10.1111/glob.12112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. (2008). Standing committee on citizenship and immigration. Minutes of Proceedings. 39th Parliament, 2nd Session, Meeting 18. Parliament of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. (2009). Standing committee on citizenship and immigration. Minutes of Proceedings. 40th Parliament, 2nd Session, Meeting 37. Parliament of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. (2012). Standing committee on citizenship and immigration. Minutes of Proceedings. 41st Parliament, 1st Session, Meeting 29. Parliament of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. (2014). House of Commons Debates. Minutes of Proceedings. 41st Parliament, 2nd Session, Meeting 81. Parliament of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Cattell, V., Dines, N., Gesler, W., & Curtis, S. (2008). Mingling, observing, and lingering: Everyday public spaces and their implications for well-being and social relations. Health & Place, 14(3), 544–561. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIC News. (2016). What changes to the temporary foreign workers program would mean to employers and foreign workers in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cicnews.com/2016/10/changes-temporary-foreign-worker-program-mean-employers-foreign-workers-in-canada-108554.html
   Google Scholar
• Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (2015). Fact sheet: Temporary foreign workers program. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/employers/temp-foreign-worker-program.asp
   Google Scholar
• City of Edmonton. (2016). Racism free initiative. Retrieved from www.edmonton.ca/city_government/initiatives/racism-free-edmonton.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Constable, N. (1997). Maid to order in Hong Kong: Stories of migrant workers. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, D. (1993–1994). The harm that has no name: Street harassment, embodiment, and African-American women. UCLA Women’s Law Journal, 4(2), 133–178.
   Google Scholar
• Day, K. (2006). Being feared: Masculinity and race in public space. Environment and Planning A, 38, 569–586. doi: 10.1068/a37221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz, R. (2016). Queer unsettlements: Diasporic Filipinos in Canada’s world pride. Journal of Asian American Studies, 19(3), 327–350. doi: 10.1353/jaas.2016.0030
   Google Scholar
• Ebaugh, H. R., & Curry, M. (2000). Fictive Kin as social capital in new immigrant communities. Sociological Perspectives, 43(2), 189–209. doi: 10.2307/1389793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, J., & Taylor, A. (2013). In the shadows: Exploring the notion of “community” for temporary foreign workers in a boomtown. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 38(2), 167–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing. Social Text, 25–26, 56–80. doi: 10.2307/466240
   Google Scholar
• Fudge, J., & MacPhail, F. (2009). The temporary foreign worker program in Canada: Low-skilled workers as an extreme form of flexible labour. Comparative Labour Law and Policy Journal, 31, 101–109.
   Google Scholar
• Galabuzi, G. E. (2006). Canada’s economic apartheid: The social exclusion of racialized groups in the new century. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giovannetti, K., & Cryderman, K. (2016, February 24). Alberta braces for longest economic slump since 1980s. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/alberta/alberta-ndp-confirms-provinces-recession-to-last-into-2016/article28877029/
   Google Scholar
• Goldring, L., & Landolt, P. (2013). Precarious legal status in Canada: Theorizing non-citizenship and conditionality. In L. Goldring & P. Landolt (Eds.), Producing and negotiating Non-citizenship: Precarious legal status in Canada (pp. 3–30). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haque, E. (2010). Homegrown, Muslim, and other: Tolerance, secularism, and the limits of multiculturalism. Social Identities, 16(1), 79–101. doi: 10.1080/13504630903465902
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. (2008). The right to the city. New Left Review, 53, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Hennebry, J. (2010). Who has their eye on the ball? “Jurisdictional Futbol” and Canada’s temporary foreign worker program. Policy Options, 31(7), 62–66.
   Google Scholar
• Hopper, T. (2015, June 24). Why the confederate flag is surprisingly abundant in Canada. National Post. Retrieved from http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/why-the-confederate-flag-is-surprisingly-abundant-in-canada
   Google Scholar
• Koskela, H. (2010). Did you spot an alien? Voluntary vigilance, borderwork, and the Texas virtual border watch program. Space and Polity, 14(2), 103–121. doi: 10.1080/13562576.2010.505787
   Google Scholar
• Lahiri, S. (2003). Performing identity: Colonial migrants, passing, and mimicry between the wars. Cultural Geographies, 10, 408–423. doi: 10.1191/1474474003eu271oa
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, L. (2003). Transnational cyperpublics: New political spaces for labour migrants in Asia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26(2), 234–252. doi: 10.1080/0141987032000054411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macklin, A. (2015, March 19). And just like that, you’re an illegal immigration. National Post. Retrieved from http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/audrey-macklin-poof-now-youre-an-illegal-immigrant
   Google Scholar
• Madge, C. (1997). Public parks and the geography of fear. Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 88(3), 237–250. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.1997.tb01601.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mas, S. (2014, June 20). Temporary foreign worker overhaul imposes limits, hikes inspections. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/temporary-foreign-worker-overhaul-imposes-limits-hikes-inspections-1.2682209
   Google Scholar
• McCann, E. J. (1999). Race, protest, and public space: Contextualizing lefebvre in the city. Antipode, 31(2), 163–184. doi: 10.1111/1467-8330.00098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGovern, M., & Wonders, N. (2009–2010). Keeping migrants in their place: Technologies of control and racialized public space in Arizona. Social Justice, 36(2), 54–72.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D. (2003). The right to the city: Social justice and the fight for public space. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moodley, K. (1983). Canadian multiculturalism as ideology. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 6(3), 320–331. doi: 10.1080/01419870.1983.9993416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omidvar, R., & Richmond, T. (2003). Immigrant settlement and social inclusion in Canada. Toronto: The Laidlaw Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Pain, R. (2001). Gender, race, Age, and fear in the city. Urban Studies, 38(5–6), 899–913. doi: 10.1080/00420980120046590
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peake, L. (1993). ‘Race’ and sexuality: Challenging the patriarchal structuring of urban social space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 11, 415–432. doi: 10.1068/d110415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsaroop, C., & Smith, A. (2014, May 21). The inherent racism of the temporary foreign worker program. Toronto Star. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2014/05/21/the_inherent_racism_of_the_temporary_foreign_worker_program.html
   Google Scholar
• Ruddick, S. (1996). Constructing difference in public spaces: Race, class, and gender as interlocking spaces. Urban Geography, 17(2), 132–151. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.17.2.132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, N. (2006). Home economics: Nationalism and the making of ‘migrant workers’ in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, N. (2015). Racism. In B. Anderson & V. Hughes (Eds.), Citizenship and Its others (pp. 98–118). New York, NY: Palgrave-Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Taran, P., & Geronimi, E. (2003). Globalization, labour, and migration: Protection is paramount. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Tungohan, E. (2012). Debunking notions of migrant “victimhood”: A critical assessment of temporary labour migration programs and Filipina migrant activism in Canada. In R. Coloma, B. McElhinny, E. Tungohan, J. Catungal, & L. Davidson (Eds.), Disturbing invisibility: Filipinos in Canada (pp. 161–180). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tungohan, E. (2016, March 29). Project guardian raids on caregivers leads to calls for reform. Rabble.ca. Retrieved from http://rabble.ca/news/2016/03/project-guardian-raids-on-caregivers-leads-to-calls-immigration-reform
   Google Scholar
• Villegas, F. (2013). Getting to “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” in the Toronto District School Board”: Mapping the competing discourses of rights and membership. In L. Goldring & P. Landolt (Eds.), Producing and negotiating Non-citizenship: Precarious legal status in Canada (pp. 258–273). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wade, A. (1997). Small acts of living: Everyday resistance to violence and other forms of oppression. Contemporary Family Therapy, 19(1), 23–39. doi: 10.1023/A:1026154215299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayland, S. V. (1997). Immigration, multiculturalism, and national identity in Canada. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 5, 33–58. doi: 10.1163/15718119720907408
   Google Scholar
• Yeoh, B. S. A., & Huang, S. (2015). Cosmopolitan beginnings? Transnational healthcare workers and the politics of carework in Singapore. The Geographical Journal, 181(3), 249–258. doi: 10.1111/geoj.12084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, J. (2013). “This is my life”: Youth negotiating legality and belonging in Toronto. In L. Goldring & P. Landolt (Eds.), Producing and negotiating non-citizenship: Precarious legal status in Canada (pp. 99–117). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar