References
- Ada Lovelace Institute. (2020). Exit Through The App Store. April 20, https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Ada-Lovelace-Institute-Rapid-Evidence-Review-Exit-through-the-App-Store-April-2020-1.pdf
- Agamben, G. (2005). States of exception. University of Chicago Press.
- Angwin, J. (2014). Dragnet Nation. St Martin’s Press.
- Angwin, J. (2020). Will Google’s and Apple’s COVID Tracking Plan Protect Privacy? The Markup, 14 April. https://themarkup.org/ask-the-markup/2020/04/14/will-googles-and-apples-covid-tracking-plan-protect-privacy
- Aouragh, M., Pritchard, H., & Snelting, F. (2020). The long tail of contact tracing. D3PT (Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing). GitHub, April 10. https://github.com/DP-3T/documents/issues/118
- Avila, K. (2020). Coronavirus as a dispositive. Open Democracy, May 4, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/coronavirus-dispositive/
- Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology. Polity Books.
- Biddle, S., & Fang, L. (2020). Location-Tracking Firm Helping Trump Get Reelected Now Wants to Cash In on Coronavirus. The Intercept, April 9. https://theintercept.com/2020/04/09/coronavirus-trump-smartphone-tracking/
- Brandom, R., & Robertson, A. (2020). Apple and Google are building a coronavirus tracking system into iOS and Android. The Verge, April 10, https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/10/21216484/google-apple-coronavirus-contract-tracing-bluetooth-location-tracking-data-app
- Busvine, D., & Rinke, A. (2020). Germany flips to Apple-Google approach on smartphone contact tracing. Reuters, April 26, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-europe-tech/germany-flips-on-smartphone-contact-tracing-backs-apple-and-google-idUSKCN22807J
- Cahane, A. (2020). The Israeli Emergency Regulations for Location Tracking of Coronavirus Carriers. Lawfare, March 21. https://www.lawfareblog.com/israeli-emergency-regulations-location-tracking-coronavirus-carriers
- Cavoukian, A., & Castro, D. (2014). Big data and innovation, Setting the record Straight: De-identification does work. Information and Privacy Commissioner Ontario. www2.itif.org/2014-big-data-deidentification.pdf
- Deleuze, G. (1992). Postscript on the societies of control. October, 59, 3–7.
- de Montjoye, Y. A., Hidalgo, C. A., Verleysen, M., & Blondel, V. D. (2013). Unique in the Crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility. Nature, Scientific Reports, 3, 1–5. Article 1376. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01376
- Dencik, L., Hintz, A., & Cable, J. (2016). Towards data justice? The ambiguity of anti-surveillance resistance in political activism. Big Data and Society, 3(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716679678
- The Economist. (2020). Countries are using apps and data networks to keep tabs on the pandemic. The Economist, March 26. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/03/26/countries-are-using-apps-and-data-networks-to-keep-tabs-on-the-pandemic
- Ems, L. (2015). Exploring ethnographic techniques for ICT non-use research: An Amish case study. First Monday, 20(11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i11.6312. https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/6312/5139
- Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating Inequality: How high-tech tools Profile, police, and Punish the poor. St Martin's Press.
- Foucault, M. (1977). The confession of the flesh. In C. Gordon (Ed.), (1980) power/knowledge (pp. 194–228). Pantheon Books.
- Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon, & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality (pp. 87–104). University of Chicago Press.
- Fowler, G. A. (2020). Smartphone data reveal which Americans are social distancing (and not). Washington Post, March 24. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/03/24/social-distancing-maps-cellphone-location/
- French, M., & Monahan, T. (2020). Dis-ease surveillance: How might surveillance studies Address COVID-19? Surveillance Studies, 18(1), 1–11. https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/13985 doi: 10.24908/ss.v18i1.13985
- Gershom, D. (2020). Infrared Cameras Could Be the New CCTV. OneZero, April 24. https://onezero.medium.com/infrared-cameras-could-be-the-new-cctv-b4c79ede310e
- Goh, B. (2020). China rolls out fresh data collection campaign to combat coronavirus. Reuters, February 26. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-data-collection/china-rolls-out-fresh-data-collection-campaign-to-combat-coronavirus-idUSKCN20K0LW
- Goldenfein, J., Green, B., & Viljoen, S. (2020). Privacy Versus Health Is a False Trade-Off. Jacobin, April 17. https://jacobinmag.com/2020/04/privacy-health-surveillance-coronavirus-pandemic-technology
- Guarglia, M., & Schwartz, A. (2020). Protecting civil liberties during a public health crisis. Electronic Frontier Foundation, March 10. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/protecting-civil-liberties-during-public-health-crisis
- Hatmaker, T. (2020). Palantir provides COVID-19 tracking software to CDC and NHS, pitches European health agencies. Tech Crunch, April 1. https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/01/palantir-coronavirus-cdc-nhs-gotham-foundry/
- Hoonhout, T. (2020). Kansas Says It’s Using Residents’ Cell-Phone Location Data to Fight Pandemic. National Review, April 1. https://www.nationalreview.com/news/coronavirus-kansas-using-resident-cell-phone-location-data-fight-pandemic/
- Ilyushina, M. (2020). Moscow rolls out digital tracking to enforce lockdown. Critics dub it a ‘cyber Gulag’. CNN, April 14. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/14/world/moscow-cyber-tracking-qr-code-intl/index.html
- Information Commission's Office. (n.d.). Principle (c): Data minimisation. https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/principles/data-minimisation/
- Innes, M. (2001). Control creep. Sociological Research Online, 6(3). http://www.socresonline.org.uk/6/3/innes.html
- Johnston, A. (2020). Should I download the COVID-Safe app? The privacy pros and cons. Salinger Privacy, April 29. https://www.salingerprivacy.com.au/2020/04/29/covidsafe-app-blog/
- Jones, S. (2020). Liechtenstein rolls out radical Covid-19 bracelet programme. Financial Times, April 16. https://www.ft.com/content/06b7e6f3-a725-4eda-9153-e0af48040e30
- Keegan, M. (2019). Big Brother is watching: Chinese city with 2.6 m cameras is the world's most heavily surveilled. The Guardian, December 2. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/dec/02/big-brother-is-watching-chinese-city-with-26m-cameras-is-worlds-most-heavily-surveilled
- Kelion, L. (2020). Coronavirus: NHS contact tracing app to target 80% of smartphone users. BBC News, April 16. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52294896
- Kitchin, R. (2014). The data Revolution: Big data, Open data, data Infrastructures and their consequences. Sage.
- Kitchin, R. (2018). Governance. In J. Ash, R. Kitchin, & A. Leszczynski (Eds.), Digital Geographies (pp. 238–249). Sage.
- Kitchin, R., Coletta, C., Evans, L., Heaphy, L., & Mac Donncha, D. (2017). Smart cities, urban technocrats, epistemic communities, advocacy coalitions and the ‘last mile’ problem. IT – Information Technology, 59(6), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1515/itit-2017-0004
- Kitchin, R., & Dodge, M. (2011). Code/space: Software and Everyday life. MIT Press.
- Kuo, L. (2019). China brings in mandatory facial recognition for mobile phone users. The Guardian, December 2. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/02/china-brings-in-mandatory-facial-recognition-for-mobile-phone-users
- Lee, C. S. (2019). Datafication, dataveillance, and the social credit system as China’s new normal. Online Information Review, 43(6), 952–970. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-08-2018-0231
- Leith, D. J., & Farrell, S. (2020). Coronavirus contact tracing: Evaluating the Potential of using Bluetooth received signal strength for proximity detection. April 6. https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/pubs/bluetooth_rssi_study.pdf
- Liang, F., Das, V., Kostyuk, N., & Hussain, M. M. (2018). Constructing a data-driven society: China's social credit system as a state surveillance infrastructure. Policy and Internet, 10(4), 415–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.183
- Linder, R. (2020). Quarantined After Waving at Coronavirus Patient: How Accurate Is Israel's ‘Terrorist-tracking’ Tech? Haaretz, March 22. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-isolated-after-waving-at-corona-patient-is-israeli-phone-tracking-tech-accurate-1.8698946
- Linklaters. (2020). 28 countries race to launch official Covid-19 tracking apps to reduce the spread of the virus. April 16. https://www.linklaters.com/en/about-us/news-and-deals/deals/2020/april/28-countries-race-to-launch-official-covid-19-tracking-apps-to-reduce-the-spread-of-the-virus
- Lyon, D. (2015). Surveillance after Snowden. Polity Press.
- Martin, A. (2020) Coronavirus: NSO Group attempting to woo west with COVID-19 tracking software. Sky News, April 4. https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-nso-group-attempting-to-woo-west-with-covid-19-tracking-software-11966961
- McDonald, S. (2020). The Digital Response to the Outbreak of COVID-19. Centre for International Governance Innovation, March 30. https://www.cigionline.org/articles/digital-response-outbreak-covid-19
- Morozov, E. (2013). To save everything, Click here: Technology, solutionism, and the Urge to Fix Problems that Don’t exist. Allen Lane.
- Mosendz, P., & Melin, A. (2020). Bosses are panic-buying spy software to keep tabs on remote workers. Los Angeles Times, March 27. https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2020-03-27/coronavirus-work-from-home-privacy
- Mozur, P. (2017). In urban China, cash is rapidly becoming obsolete. New York Times, July 16. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/16/business/china-cash-smartphone-payments.html
- Narayanan, A., & Shmatikov, V. (2010). Privacy and security: Myths and fallacies of ‘personally identifiable information’. Communications of the ACM, 53(6), 24–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/1743546.1743558
- NBC News. (2020). Controversial tech company pitches facial recognition to track COVID-19. April 28. https://www.nbcnews.com/now/video/controversial-tech-company-pitches-facial-recognition-to-track-covid-19-82638917537
- Nellis, S. (2020). As fever checks become the norm in coronavirus era, demand for thermal cameras soars. Reuters, April 9. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-thermal-cameras-fo/as-fever-checks-become-the-norm-in-coronavirus-era-demand-for-thermal-cameras-soars-idUSKCN21R2SF
- Nielsen, M. (2020). Privacy issues arise as governments track virus. EU Observer, March 23. https://euobserver.com/coronavirus/147828
- Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines reinforce Racism. New York University Press.
- O'Brien, C. (2020). HSE Covid-19 tracing app data will be stored on individual devices. Irish Times, April 29. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/hse-covid-19-tracing-app-data-will-be-stored-on-individual-devices-1.4240304
- OECD. (1980). OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data. http://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/oecdguidelinesontheprotectionofprivacyandtransborderflowsofpersonaldata.htm
- Patriquin, M. (2020). Montreal computer scientists expect to launch contact-tracing app in less than a week. The Logic, April 9. https://thelogic.co/news/montreal-computer-scientists-expect-to-launch-contact-tracing-app-in-less-than-a-week/
- Patton, L. (2020). Oh really? Our data is secure in government hands? The Mandarin, April 23. https://www.themandarin.com.au/131542-oh-really-harry-our-data-is-secure-in-governments-hands/
- Paul, K., Menn, J., & Dave, P. (2020). In coronavirus fight, oft-criticized Facebook data aids U.S. cities, states. Reuters, April 2. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-facebook-location/in-coronavirus-fight-oft-criticized-facebook-data-aids-u-s-cities-states-idUSKBN21K3BJ
- Pew Research. (2019). Mobile fact sheet. June 12. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/
- Pollina, E., & Busvine, D. (2020). European mobile operators share data for coronavirus fight. March 18. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-europe-telecoms/european-mobile-operators-share-data-for-coronavirus-fight-idUSKBN2152C2
- Proctor, K., & Devlin, H. (2020). Coronavirus UK: health passports ‘possible in months’. The Guardian, May 4. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/03/coronavirus-health-passports-for-uk-possible-in-months
- Reuters. (2020). Emirati police deploy smart tech in coronavirus fight. Reuters, April 24. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-emirates-smart-hel/emirati-police-deploy-smart-tech-in-coronavirus-fight-idUSKCN2260YJ
- Sadowski, J. (2020). The Authoritarian Trade-Off: Exchanging privacy rights for public health is a false compromise. Real Life Magazine, April 13. https://reallifemag.com/the-authoritarian-trade-off/
- Schectman, J., Bing, C., & Stubbs, J. (2020). Cyber-intel firms pitch governments on spy tools to trace coronavirus. Reuters, April 28. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-spy-specialreport/special-report-cyber-intel-firms-pitch-governments-on-spy-tools-to-trace-coronavirus-idUSKCN22A2G1
- Schwartz, A., & Crocker, A. (2020). Governments haven't shown location surveillance would help contain COVID-19. Electronic Frontier Foundation, March 23. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/governments-havent-shown-location-surveillance-would-help-contain-covid-19
- Singer, N., & Sang-Hun, C. (2020). As Coronavirus Surveillance Escalates, Personal Privacy Plummets. New York Times, March 23. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/technology/coronavirus-surveillance-tracking-privacy.html
- Sircar, S., & Sachdev, V. (2020). Not Just Red Zones, New Rules Make Aarogya Setu Mandatory For All. The Quint, May 2. https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/aarogya-setu-app-mandatory-for-containment-zone-red-zone-orange-zone-all-employees
- Stanley, J. (2020). How to Think About the Right to Privacy and Using Location Data to Fight COVID-19. Just Security, March 30. https://www.justsecurity.org/69444/how-to-think-about-the-right-to-privacy-and-using-location-data-to-fight-covid-19/
- Stanley, J., & Granick, J. S. (2020). The limits of location tracking in an epidemic. ACLU. April 8. https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/limits_of_location_tracking_in_an_epidemic.pdf
- Stokel-Walker, C. (2020). Can mobile contact-tracing apps help lift lockdown? BBC Future, April 16. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200415-covid-19-could-bluetooth-contact-tracing-end-lockdown-early
- Taylor, L. (2017). What is data justice? The case for connecting digital rights and freedoms globally. Big Data and Society, 4(2), 1–14. July–December. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717736335
- Taylor, L. (2020). Discussion comments, Webinar: Data, Ethics and the Covid-19 crisis. April 23. https://mooreinstitute.ie/2020/04/24/video-of-the-covid-19-response-webinar-data-ethics-and-the-covid-19-crisis/
- Timberg, C., & Harwell, D. (2020). Government efforts to track virus through phone location data complicated by privacy concerns. Washington Post, March 19. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/03/19/privacy-coronavirus-phone-data/
- Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. (2020). A Price Worth Paying: Tech, Privacy and the Fight Against Covid-19. April 24. https://institute.global/policy/price-worth-paying-tech-privacy-and-fight-against-covid-19
- Url, S. (2020). Drones take Italians’ temperature and issue fines. Arab News, April 10. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1656576/world
- Vaughan, A. (2020). There are many reasons why covid-19 contact-tracing apps may not work. New Scientist, April 17. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2241041-there-are-many-reasons-why-covid-19-contact-tracing-apps-may-not-work/
- Weaver, M. (2020). Don't coerce public over contact-tracing app, say campaigners. The Guardian, April 26. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2020/apr/26/dont-coerce-public-over-coronavirus-contract-tracing-app-say-campaigners
- Wodinsky, S. (2020). Experian Is Tracking the People Most Likely to Get Screwed Over by Coronavirus. Gizmodo, April 15. https://gizmodo.com/experian-is-tracking-the-people-most-likely-to-get-scre-1842843363
- Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of surveillance capitalism: The Fight for the future at the New Frontier of power. Profile Books.