Why Companies Bring the State Back In. The Voluntary Self-Nationalisation of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and the Rise of ‘Governance by Government’

References

• Abolafia, M.Y., 1996. Making markets. Opportunism and restraint on wall street. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Amoore, L., 2000. International political economy and the ‘contested firm’. New political economy, 5 (2), 183–204.
   Google Scholar
• APOC. 1912. Extracts from minutes of board meetings, 26 February 1912. ARC66704, 22. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• APOC. 1913. Proceedings of the fourth ordinary general meeting of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Limited, 28 October 1913. ARC112062. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Baccini, L. and Dür, A., 2013. Investment discrimination and the proliferation of preferential trade agreements. Journal of conflict resolution, 59 (4), 617–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamberg, J., 1994. The history of the British petroleum company. Volume 2. The Anglo-Iranian years, 1928–1954. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bamberg, J., 2000. British petroleum and global oil, 1950–1975. The challenge of nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beach, D. and Rohlfing, I., 2018. Integrating cross-case analyses and process tracing in set-theoretic research: strategies and parameters of debate. Sociological methods & research, 47 (1), 3–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernauer, T., et al., 2013. Is there a ‘depth versus participation’ dilemma in international cooperation? Review of international organizations, 8 (4), 477–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A., 2013. Business and governance in areas of limited statehood. In: Tanja A. Börzel and Christian Thauer, eds. Business and governance in South Africa. Racing to the top? Governance and Limited Statehood Series. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2–17.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A., Hönke, J., and Thauer, C.R., 2012. Does It really take the state? Business and politics, 14 (3), 1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A., Risse, T., and Draude, A., 2018. Governance in areas of limited statehood. Conceptual clarifications and major contributions of the handbook. In: Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel, eds. The Oxford handbook of governance and limited statehood. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3–27.
   Google Scholar
• Brühl, T., et al., 2001. Die Privatisierung Der Weltpolitik: Entstaatlichung Und Kommerzialisierung Im Globalisierungsprozess. Bonn: J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger.
   Google Scholar
• Brühl, T. and Hofferberth, M., 2013. Global companies as social actors: constructing private business in global governance. In: John Mikler, ed. The handbook of global companies. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 351–370.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, A. 1913. Letter Andrew Campbell to John Cargill on Persian Fuel Scheme Enclosing Three Production Plans, 2 August 1913. ARC90620, 63. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Cargill, J. 1909. Letter John Cargill to C. W. Wallace on Anglo-Persian Oil Co. Ltd., 30 March 1909. ARC69539, 58. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Cargill, J. 1911a. Letter John Cargill to Charles Greenway on Loan to Persian Government, 17 August 1911. ARC54484, 451. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Cargill, J. 1911b. Letter John Cargill to Charles Greenway, 21 August 1911. ARC5448, 453. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Cargill, J. 1912a. Letter John Cargill to Robert W. Cohen on Persian Fuel Oil. 18 October 1912. FO 371/1486 47482, 383. UK National Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Cargill, J. 1912b. Letter John Cargill to Robert W. Cohen on Persian Fuel Oil. 22 October 1912. FO 371/1486 47482, 384. UK National Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Cargill, J. 1913a. Letter John Cargill to Charles Greenway on Admiralty Contract, 17 July 1913. ARC90620, 16. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Cargill, J. 1913b. Letter John Cargill to Charles Greenway on Admiralty Contract, 22 July 1913. ARC90620, 18. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Cargill, J. 1913c. Letter John Cargill to Charles Greenway on Admiralty Contract, 23 July 1913. ARC90620, 19. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhury, P. and Khanna, T., 2014. Toward resource independence – why state-owned entities become multinationals: an empirical study of India’s public R&D laboratories. Journal of international business studies, 45 (8), 943–960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coen, D. and Pegram, T., 2015. Wanted: a third generation of global governance research. Governance: an international journal of policy, administration, and institutions, 28 (4), 417–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coen, D. and Pegram, T., 2018. Towards a third generation of global governance scholarship. Global policy, 9 (1), 107–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, R.W. 1912. Letter Robert W. Cohen to Charles Greenway, 15 October 1912. FO 371/1486 47482, 381. UK National Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Cuervo-Cazurra, A., et al., 2014. Governments as owners: state-owned multinational companies. Journal of international business studies, 45 (8), 919–942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, A.C., Haufler, V., and Porter, T., 1999. The contours and significance of private authority in international affairs. In: A. Claire Cutler, Virginia Haufler, and Tony Porter, ed. Private authority and international affairs. New York: State University of New York Press, 333–376.
   Google Scholar
• De Graaff, N., 2011. A global energy network? The expansion and integration of non-triad national oil companies. Global networks, 11 (2), 262–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Graaff, N., 2012. The hybridization of the state–capital nexus in the global energy order. Globalizations, 9 (4), 531–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destler, I.M., 1995. American trade politics. Washington, DC, and New York: Institute for International Economics and the Twentieth Century Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Doran, P.B., 2016. Breaking rockefeller. The incredible story of the ambitious rivals who toppled an oil empire. New York: Viking.
   Google Scholar
• Dür, A., 2007. Foreign discrimination, protection for exporters, and U.S. trade liberalization. International studies quarterly, 51 (2), 457–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dür, A., 2010. Protection for exporters. Power and discrimination in transatlantic trade relations. 1930–2010. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Falkner, R., 2003. Private environmental governance and international relations: exploring the links. Global environmental politics, 3 (2), 72–87.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrier, R.W., 1982. The history of the British petroleum company. Volume 1. The developing years 1901–1932. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flohr, A., et al., 2010. The role of business in global governance. Corporations as norm-entrepreneurs. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M., 1991. Governmentality. In: Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, eds. The Foucault effect. Studies in governmentality. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 87–104.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M., 2005. The hermeneutics of the subject. Lectures at the Collége de France, 1981–82. New York & Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gelderen, M.v., 2016. Entrepreneurial autonomy and its dynamics. Applied psychology, 65 (3), 541–567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelderen, M.v. and Jansen, P., 2006. Autonomy as a start-up motive. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 13 (1), 23–32.
   Google Scholar
• Gradus, R. and Budding, T., 2018. Political and institutional explanations for increasing re-municipalization. Urban affairs review, 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, J.F., 2014. Rethinking private authority. Agents and entrepreneurs in global environmental governance. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1910. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill, 17 March 1910. ARC54484, 20. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1911a. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill, 14 June 1911. ARC5448. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1911b. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill on Loan to Persian Government, 18 August 1911. ARC5448, 452. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912a. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill on Crude Oil, 7 March 1912. ARC104118, 332. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912b. Letter Charles Greenway to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 8 March 1912. ARC54500, 443. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912c. Letter Charles Greenway to James Hamilton, 24 April 1912. ARC104118, 488. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912d. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill, 26 April 1912. ARC104118, 497. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912e. Letter Charles Greenway to Robert W. Cohen, 30 April 1912. ARC54483, 12. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912f. Letter Charles Greenway to James Hamilton, 7 May 1912. ARC54483, 40. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912g. Draft Letter Charles Greenway to Robert W. Cohen on Benzine, 17 June 1912. ARC54483, 143. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912h. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill on Fuel Oil, 19 July 1912. ARC54483, 220. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912i. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill, 12 August 1912. ARC54483, 257. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912j. Letter Charles Greenway to Robert W. Cohen, 11 September 1912. ARC54483, 283. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912k. Letter Charles Greenway to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 11 October 1912. ARC54500. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912l. Letter Charles Greenway to Robert W. Cohen on Persian Liquid Fuel, 24 October 1912. FO 371/1486 47482, 385. UK National Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912m. Letter Charles Greenway to Robert Waley Cohen on Heavy Benzine, 15 November 1912. ARC54483, 354. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912n. Letter Charles Greenway to James Hamilton on Finance, 14 December 1912. ARC54483, 4387. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1912o. Letter Charles Greenway to James Hamilton, 19 December 1912. ARC54483, 395. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913a. Letter Charles Greenway to James Hamilton Enclosing Draft Letter to Shareholders, 19 February 1913. ARC54483, 430. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913b. Letter Charles Greenway to Lord Strathcona Enclosing Revised Draft Letter to Shareholders, 21 February 1913. ARC54483, 432. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913c. Letter Charles Greenway to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 6 March 1913. ARC54500, 692. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913d. Letter Charles Greenway to C. W. Wallace, 10 March 1913. ARC54483, 221. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913e. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill on A.P.O.C. Finance, 8 May 1913. ARC54483, 463. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913f. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill, 27 May 1913. ARC54483, 475. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913g. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill on B.O.C. Chairman’s Speech, 29 May 1913. ARC54483, 478. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913h. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill, 16 June 1913. ARC54483, 489. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913i. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill on ‘Soyo Maru’, 20 June 1913. ARC54486, 4. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913j. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill on Admiralty Contract, 23 July 1913. ARC90620, 21. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913k. Letter Charles Greenway to Frederick Black, 11 July 1913. ARC545000, 827. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Greenway, C. 1913l. Letter Charles Greenway to John Cargill on Admiralty Contract, 17 July 1913. ARC90620, 7. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Hansard. 1914. Anglo-Persian Oil Company (Acquisition of Capital) Bill, 5 August 1914. Hansard. https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1914-08-05/debates/69ec876a-4bc8-4656-9c78-fc4d2c7d98d1/Anglo-PersianOilCompany(AcquisitionOfCapital)Bill.
   Google Scholar
• Haufler, V., 2000. Private sector international regimes. In: Richard A. Higgott, Geoffrey R.D. Underhill, and Andreas Bieler, ed. Non-State actors and authority in the global system. Oxon and New York: Routledge, 121–137.
   Google Scholar
• Haufler, V., 2018. Producing global governance in the global factory: markets, politics, and regulation. Global policy, 9 (1), 114–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofferberth, M., et al., 2011. Multinational enterprises as ‘social actors’—constructivist explanations for corporate social responsibility. Global society, 25 (2), 205–226.
   Google Scholar
• Hofferberth, M., 2017. ‘And of course our major contribution remains to Run a decent business.’ Making sense of shell’s sense-making in Nigeria during the 1990s. Business and politics, 19 (1), 135–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, L., 2014. Globalizing oil. Firms and oil market governance in France, Japan, and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Innes, A.J. and Steele, B.J., 2012. Governmentality in global governance. In: David Levi-Faur, ed. The Oxford handbook of governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 716–729.
   Google Scholar
• Keohane, R.O., 1984. After hegemony. Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kolk, A. and Levy, D., 2001. Winds of change: corporate strategy, climate change and oil multinationals. European management journal, 19 (5), 501–509.
   Google Scholar
• Lumpkin, G.T. and Dess, G.G., 1996. Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of management review, 21 (1), 135–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackindoe, F. 1914. Letter F. Mackindoe to John Bradbury, 30 July 1914. ARC71341, 80. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Mallet, L. 1911. Letter Louis Mallet to Charles Greenway. ARC5448, p. 462. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Mallet, L. 1912. Mallet Minute, 31 December 1912. FO 371/1486 55654, 481. UK National Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Marx, A. and Dusa, A., 2011. Crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (CsQCA), contradictions and consistency benchmarks for model specification. Methodological innovations online, 6 (2), 103–148.
   Google Scholar
• Mattli, W., 2016. Private transnational governance. In: The Oxford handbook of international organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 171–190.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson, C., 2003. National oil companies: evolution, issues, outlook. In: Jeffrey M. Davis, Rolando Osowski, and Annalisa Fedelino, ed. Fiscal policy formulation and implementation in oil-producing countries. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 184–203.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, H., 1989. Domestic and international sources of cooperation: oil politics in the 1940s and 1970s. The international spectator, XXIV (3/4), 141–151.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, T.H., 1987. Managing an oligopoly of would-be sovereigns: the dynamics of joint control and self-control in the international oil industry past, present, and future. International organization, 41 (4), 575–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravcsik, A., 1993. Preferences and power in the European community: a liberal intergovernmentalist approach. Journal of common market studies, 31 (4), 473–524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravcsik, A., 1998. The choice for Europe. Social purpose & state power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, A. 1912. Minute on Oil Fields in Mesopotamia and Persia. FO 371/1486 50815, 422. UK National Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, C., 1991. Network relations and loss of organizational autonomy. Human relations, 44 (9), 943–961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, M., 1965. The logic of collective action. Public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge and London, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Osgood, I., et al., 2016. The charmed life of superstar exporters: survey evidence on firms and trade policy. The journal of politics, 79 (1), 133–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbeek, H., 2005. Global governance, class, hegemony. A historical materialist perspective. In: Alice D. Ba and Matthew J. Hoffmann, eds. Contending perspectives on global governance: coherence and contestation. Oxon and New York: Routledge, 39–56.
   Google Scholar
• Overbeek, H., 2010. Global governance: from radical transformation to neo-liberal management. International studies review, 12 (4), 697–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, A. 1912. Memorandum by Mr. Parker, 19 November 1912. FO 371/1486 49500, 413. UK National Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Pattberg, P., 2005. The institutionalization of private governance: How business and nonprofit organizations agree on transnational rules. Governance: an international journal of policy, administration, and institutions, 18 (4), 589–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragin, C.C., 1987. The comparative method. Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ragin, C.C., 2000. Fuzzy-set social science. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ragin, C.C., 2008. Redesigning social inquiry. Fuzzy sets and beyond. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ragin, C.C., 2017. User’s guide to fuzzy-set/qalitative comparative analysis. Irvine: University of Califorinia, Irvine.
   Google Scholar
• Ragin, C.C. and Davey, S., 2016. Fuzzy-set/qualitative comparative analysis 3.0. Irvine, CA: Department of Sociology, University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiter, D.W.P., 2005. Is transaction cost economics applicable to public governance? European journal of Law and economics, 20, 287–303.
   Google Scholar
• Sassen, S., 2003. Globalization or denationalization? Review of international political economy, 10 (1), 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, C.Q. and Wagemann, C., 2010. Standards of good practice in qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and fuzzy-sets. Comparative sociology, 9 (3), 397–418.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, C.Q. and Wagemann, C., 2013. Doing justice to logical remainders in QCA: moving beyond the standard analysis. Political research quarterly, 66 (1), 211–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoute, M., Budding, T., and Gradus, R., 2018. Municipalities’ choices of service delivery modes: the influence of service, political, governance, and financial characteristics. International public management journal, 21 (4), 502–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuppert, G.F., 2008. Governance - Auf Der Suche Nach Konturen Eines ‘Annerkannt Uneindeutigen Begriffs’. In: Gunnar Folke Schuppert and Michael Zürn, eds. Governance in Einer Sich Wandelnden Welt. PVS - Politische Vierteljahresschrift, Sonderheft 41/2008. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 13–39.
   Google Scholar
• Shane, S., Locke, E.A., and Collins, C.J., 2003. Entrepreneurial motivation. Human resource management review, 13 (2), 257–279.
   Google Scholar
• Sovacool, B., 2014. What are we doing here? Analyzing fifteen years of energy scholarship and proposing a social science research agenda. Energy research & social science, 1, 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Story, L. and White, B. 2008. The road to Lehman’s failure was littered with lost chances. New York Times, 5 October 2008, sec. Business Day. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/06lehman.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sæverud, I.A. and Skjærseth, J.B., 2007. Oil companies and climate change: inconsistencies between strategy formulation and implementation? Global environmental politics, 7 (3), 42–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarbell, I., 1904. The history of the standard oil company. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Thauer, C.R., 2013. Goodness comes from within: intra-organizational dynamics of corporate social responsibility. Business & society, 53 (4), 483–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tienhaara, K., Orsini, A., and Falkner, R., 2012. Global corporations. In: Frank Biermann and Philipp Pattberg, ed. Global environmental governance reconsidered. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 45–67.
   Google Scholar
• Tordo, S., 2011. National oil companies and value creation. World Bank Working Paper 218. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• UK Government. 1913. Cabinet Minutes, 12 July 1913. CAB 41/34/26. UK National Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Victor, D.G., Hults, D.R., and Thurber, M.C., 2012. Major conclusions and implications for the future of the oil industry. In: David G. Victor, David R. Hults, and Mark C. Thurber, ed. Oil and governance. State-owned enterprises and the world energy supply. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 858–928.
   Google Scholar
• Vitalis, R., 2009. America’s kingdom. Mythmaking on the Saudi oil frontier. London and New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, C.W. 1909. Letter C.W. Wallace to John Cargill on the Prospectus, 29 March 1909. ARC69539, 69. BP Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Waltz, K.N., 1979. Theory of international politics. Long Grove: Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wendt, A., 1992. Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics. International organization, 46 (2), 391–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendt, A., 1999. Social theory of international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, O.E., 1981. The economics of organization: the transaction cost approach. American journal of sociology, 87 (3), 548–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, O.E., 1999. Public and private bureaucracies: a transaction cost economics perspective. The journal of law, economics & organization, 15 (1), 306–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yergin, D., 2009. The prize. The epic quest for oil, money & power. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, H., Seibert, S.E., and Lumpkin, G.T., 2010. The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: a meta-analytic review. Journal of management, 36 (2), 381–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zürn, M., 2003. Globalization and global governance: from societal to political denationalization. European review, 11 (3), 341–364.
   Google Scholar
• Zürn, M., Binder, M., and Ecker-Ehrhardt, M., 2012. International authority and its politicization. International theory, 4 (1), 69–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar