References
- Alibaba Cloud, 2022. Alibaba open sources latest privacy-preserving computation technologies [online]. Alibaba Cloud. Available from: https://www.alibabacloud.com/blog/598877 [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- Alibaba Group, 2018. Alibaba adds USD two billion to Lazada investment [Alibaba Group siang Lazada jituan zengzi 20 yi mei yuan] [online]. Alibaba Group. Available from: https://www.alibabagroup.com/tc/news/article?news=p180319 [Accessed 8 Jan 2021].
- Alibaba Group. n.d. Press releases [xinwen fabu] [online]. Alibaba Group. Available from: https://www.alibabagroup.com/cn/news/press?page=1&year=all&business=alipay [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- Andrews, D.M., 2006. Monetary power and monetary statecraft. In: D.M. Andrews, ed. International monetary power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 7–28.
- Ant Group, 2020. Ant Group prospectus [online]. Ant Group. Available from: https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2020/1026/2020102600165.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov 2020].
- Ant mPaaS, n.d. Why choosing mPaaS? [weishenme xuanze mPaaS] [online]. Ant mPaaS. Available from: https://mpaas.com/index.html [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- Armijo, L.E., and Katada, S.N., 2015. Theorizing the financial statecraft of emerging powers. New Political Economy, 20 (1), 42–62.
- Arner, D.W., Barberis, J.N., and Buckley, R.P., 2016. The evolution of fintech: a new post-crisis paradigm? Georgetown Journal of International law, 47 (4), 1271–320.
- Ba, S., et al., 2022. Making the best use of the SWFIT [cujin SWIFT gongping di weiwo suoyong[online]. Bank Association of China. Available from: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1736354811994597982&wfr=spider&for=pc [Accessed 31 Aug 2022].
- Bank for International Settlements, 2021. Ready, steady, go? - results of the third BIS survey on Central Bank Digital Currency [online]. Bank for International Settlements. Available from: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap114.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2021].
- Bansal, R., and Singn, S., 2021. China’s digital yuan: an alternative to the dollar-dominated financial system [online]. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available from: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/202108-Bansal_Singh_-_Chinas_Digital_Yuan.pdf [Accessed 31 Aug 2022].
- Caixin, 2020. Zhou Xiaochuan: the bilateral collaboration of China and Singapore on digital currencies and electronic payments should prioritise systems of retail payments [Zhou Xiaochuan China-Singapore liangguo shuzi huobi dianzi zhifu hezuo ke cong lingshou qibu] [online]. Caixin. Available from: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MTc3MDQyMjAyMA==&mid=2650078912&idx=1&sn=b3bc755815b01f624a176f3601fe5b48&chksm=59b9d6ab6ece5fbdf1d3fb375ed3be5fcdfd049f867d0d01276976cee2210bc6fa6f807535ec#rd [Accessed 24 Sept 2021].
- The Central News Agency, 2020. Alibaba’s acquisition is fined; Anti-monopoly Law is used to police internet giants [Alibaba shougouan beifa fanlongduanfa kaizha jianzhi wanglu jutou] [online]. The Central News Agency. Available from: https://www.cna.com.tw/news/acn/202012140131.aspx [Accessed 10 Sept 2021].
- CGTN, 2020. China-Singapore Chongqing Connectivity Initiative marks the fifth anniversary [online]. CGTN. Available from: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-11-08/China-Singapore-Chongqing-Connectivity-Initiative-marks-5th-year-Vfi99rUgsE/index.html [Accessed 03 Nov 2021].
- Chang, C.C., and Yang, A.H., 2021. The politics of resistance in Southeast Asia: a typological analysis of local resistance against China’s economic penetration [Southeast Asia dikang zhengzhi huiying China jingji shentou de leixingxue]. Mainland China Studies, 64 (3), 49–95.
- Chey, H.K., 2019. The international politics of reactive currency statecraft: Japan’s reaction to the rise of the Chinese renminbi. New Political Economy, 24 (4), 510–29.
- Chia, T.Y., Ekberg, J., and Wiryadi, M., 2021. The digital currency battleground: why it’s time for ASEAN to re(act) to China’s Central Bank Digital Currency [online]. OliverWyman. Available from: https://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/oliver-wyman/v2/publications/2021/jun/the-digital-currency-battleground_v2.pdf [Accessed 20 Nov 2021].
- China National Association of Finance Companies, 2022. Bank of Communications visits Powerchina Finance Company Limited and promotes e-CNY and Cross-border Interbank Payment System [Bank of Communications dao Powerchina Finance Company Limited xuanjiang shuzi renminbi ji Cross-border Interbank Payment System][online]. China National Association of Finance Companies. Available from: https://www.cnafc.org/cnafc/front/detail.action?id=31255C0D4B684E37879E273EA6AC72BE [Accessed 31 Aug 2022].
- China tech map, 2021. Mapping China’s tech giants [online]. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Available from: https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/ [Accessed 29 Oct 2021].
- Choudary, S.P., 2020. China’s country-as-platform strategy for global influence [online]. Brookings. Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/chinas-country-as-platform-strategy-for-global-influence/ [Accessed 24 Sept 2021].
- CITIC Securities, 2022. Reflections on SWIFT sanctions: new patterns of RMB internationalization and new opportunities for digital RMB [SWIFT zhicai zhi sikao renminbi guojihua xingeju yu shuzi renminbi xinjiyu] [online]. vzkoo.com. Available from: https://www.vzkoo.com/document/20220301efed74583ddf28441794fb6e.html [Accessed 31 Aug 2022].
- Cohen, B.J., 2019. Currency statecraft: monetary rivalry and geopolitical ambition. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
- Deng, J., and Liu, P., 2017. Consultative authoritarianism: the drafting of China’s internet security law and e-commerce law. Journal of Contemporary China, 26 (107), 679–95.
- Deutsche Bank Research, 2021. Digital yuan: what is it and how does it work? [online]. Deutsche Bank. Available from: https://www.db.com/news/detail/20210714-digital-yuan-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work [Accessed 14 Sept 2021].
- Ding, F., 2020. Greenland Holdings: Greenland-linked consortium to win Singapore digital wholesale bank licenses [Greenland Holdings: Greenland jinrong qiantou de caituan huode Singapore shuzi pifa yinhang paizhao] [online]. Sohu. Available from: https://www.sohu.com/a/436598191_100106801 [Accessed 20 Oct 2021].
- Drezner, D.W., 2021. Introduction. In: D.W. Drezner, H. Farrell, and A.L. Newman, eds. The uses and abuses of weaponized interdependence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1–16.
- Easin Overseas, 2021. Greenland Holdings intends to invest 250 million to establish a digital wholesale bank in Singapore; Greenland financial landscape is further expanded to Southeast Asia [Greenland Holdings ni chizi 2.5 yi sheli Singapore shuzi pifa yinhang Greenland jinrong buju Southeast Asia] [online]. Zhihu. Available from: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/394726553 [Accessed 20 Oct 2021].
- Economic Daily, 2022. Alipay launches ‘digital RMB’ search function [Alipay shangxian shuzi renminbi sousuo gongneng] [online]. Baidu. Available from: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1731984307522907492&wfr=spider&for=pc [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- Economist, 2021. What tech does Xi want? The Economist, 14 August, p. 47–49.
- Economy, E.C., 2018. The third revolution: Xi Jinping and the new Chinese state. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Farrell, H., and Newman, A.L., 2021. Weaponized interdependence. In: D.W. Drezner, H. Farrell, and A.L. Newman, eds. The uses and abuses of weaponized interdependence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 19–66.
- Gruin, J., 2019. Financializing authoritarian capitalism: Chinese fintech and the institutional foundations of algorithmic governance. Finance and Society, 5 (2), 84–104.
- Gruin, J., 2021. The epistemic evolution of market authority: big data, blockchain and China’s neostatist challenge to neoliberalism. Competition & Change, 25 (5), 580–604.
- Gruin, J., and Knaack, P., 2020. Not just another shadow bank: Chinese authoritarian capitalism and the ‘developmental’ promise of digital financial innovation. New Political Economy, 25 (3), 370–87.
- Guangzhou Digital Finance Innovation Research Institute, 2022. Are digital renminbi and cross border e-commerce a good match? [shuzi renminbi qianshou kuajing dianshang banpei xishu ruhe] [online]. Guangzhou Digital Finance Innovation Research Institute. Available from: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/lYBMgWL8xZTz_4m_lAkHog [Accessed 24 June 2022].
- Han, S.N., 2021. Personal information protection’s ‘safety lock’ cannot be picked [geren xinxi baohu anquansuo bu rong qiaodong] [online]. Newspaper of China's Central Committees of Discipline and Control. Available from: https://jjjcb.ccdi.gov.cn/epaper/index.html?guid=1430591475900481538 [Accessed 29 Oct 2021].
- Hexun Financial, 2022. Can Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System (CIPS) replace SWIFT? [Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System (CIPS) nenggou tidai SWIFT ma?] [online]. Hexun Financial. Available from: http://money.hexun.com/2022-03-28/205600843.html [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- HKMA, 2021. Joint statement on the Multiple Central Bank Digital Currency (m-CBDC) Bridge Project [online]. Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Available from: https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/2021/02/20210223-3/ [Accessed 24 Sept 2021].
- Horn, S., Reinhart, C.M., and Trebesch, C., 2019. China’s overseas lending [online]. National Bureau of Economic Research. Available from: https://www.nber.org/papers/w26050 [Accessed 29 Oct 2021].
- Hsu, S., and Li, J., 2020. China’s fintech explosion: disruption, innovation, and survival. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Hurun Report, 2020. Hurun Research Institute releases Hurun China top 10 most valuable fintech companies in 2020 [Hurun Research Institute fabu Hurun China top 10 most valuable fintech companies 2020] [online]. Hurun Report. Available from: https://www.hurun.net/zh-CN/Info/Detail?num=29FDEB3C2354 [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- Jinan Time, 2020. The acquisition violates the ‘Anti-monopoly law’: the acquisitions of China Literature Limited, Shenzhen HIVE Box Network Technology Limited and Alibaba Investment Limited are fined [shougou weifan fanlongduanfa Yuewen Fengchao Ali touzi beifa kuan] [online]. Jinan Time. Retrieved from: Duxiu https://www.duxiu.com/ [Accessed 10 Sept 2021].
- Jinse Finance News, 2020. The director of MAS discusses the possibility of Chinese tourists using the central bank’s digital currency abroad [MAS juchang he China tantao China youke jingwai shiyong yanghang shuzi huobi de keneng] [online]. Jinse Finance News. Available from: https://www.jinse.com/blockchain/734415.html [Accessed 24 September 2021].
- Langley, P., and Leyshon, A., 2017. Capitalizing on the crowd: the monetary and financial ecologies of crowdfunding. Environment and Planning a: Economy and Space, 49 (5), 1019–39.
- Langley, P., and Leyshon, A., 2021. The platform political economy of fintech: reintermediation, consolidation and capitalisation. New Political Economy, 26 (3), 376–88.
- Lardy, N.R., 2014. Markets over Mao: the rise of private business in China. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
- Lardy, N.R., 2019. The state strikes back: the end of economic reform in China? Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economic.
- Ledger Insight, 2021. WeBank, Ant’s MyBank to join digital yuan pilots [online]. Ledger Insights. Available from: https://www.ledgerinsights.com/webank-ant-mybank-to-join-digital-yuan-pilots-currency-cbdc/ [Accessed 29 Aug 2021].
- Lei, J.P., 2019. Alibaba controlled five percent of Didi’s shares and had cashed out 639 million dollars [Ali chiyou Didi yue 5% guquan zeng taoxian 6.39 yi meiyuan] [online]. Sohu. Available from: https://www.sohu.com/a/318927922_430392 [Accessed 15 Dec 2020].
- Li, Y., 2017. Beijing pushes for a direct hand in China’s big tech firms [online]. Wall Street Journal. Available from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-pushes-for-a-direct-hand-in-chinas-big-tech-firms-1507758314 [Accessed 29 Oct 2021].
- Li, G., 2020. Li Guoquan: Singapore will be an important node in the internationalization of digital RMB [Li Guoquan: Singapore jiangshi shuzi renminbi guojihua de zhongyao jiedian] [online]. Read01. Available from: https://read01.com/EyJngea.html#.Yr7PhXZByUl [Accessed 24 Sept 2021].
- Li, K., 2021. Government work report [zhengfu gongzuo baogao] [online]. www.gov.cn. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/zfgzbg.htm [Accessed 26 Nov 2021].
- Lim, G., Li, C., and Ji, X., 2021. Chinese financial statecraft in Southeast Asia: an analysis of China’s infrastructure provision in Malaysia. The Pacific Review [online]. Available from: doi:10.1080/09512748.2020.1868556.
- Linklogis, 2021. 2021 interim reporting [2021 zhongqi baogao] [online]. Linklogis. Available from: https://www.linklogis.com/investor/?type=ggth [Accessed 19 Dec 2021].
- Liu, C.-W., 2021. The Chinese fintech boom and the consolidation of recentralized authoritarian capitalism. Asian Survey, 61 (6), 971–98.
- Liu, M.-J., 2022. Examining prospects of economic developments of China’s ‘common prosperity’ policy [qianzhan China’s gongtong fuyu jingji fazhan]. Economic Outlook, 200, 17–22.
- Liu, L., and Weingast, B.R., 2018. Taobao, federalism, and the emergence of law, Chinese style. Minnesota law Review, 102 (4), 1563–90.
- MAS, 2020a. MAS receives 21 applications for digital bank licenses [online]. Monetary Authority of Singapore. Available from: https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2020/mas-receives-21-applications-for-digital-bank-licences [Accessed 20 Oct 2021].
- MAS, 2020b. MAS announces successful applicants of licenses to operate new digital banks in Singapore [online]. Monetary Authority of Singapore. Available from: https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2020/mas-announces-successful-applicants-of-licences-to-operate-new-digital-banks-in-singapore [Accessed 20 Oct 2021].
- MAS, 2021a. ‘Chongqing connectivity in digitalisation and sustainability’- keynote speech by Mr Ravi Menon, managing director, Monetary Authority of Singapore, at the Singapore-China (Chongqing) financial summit on 23 November 2021 [online]. Monetary Authority of Singapore. Available from: https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/speeches/2021/chongqing-connectivity-in-digitalisation-and-sustainability [Accessed 17 Dec 2021].
- MAS, 2021b. Singapore-Chongqing financial connectivity strengthens amid the pandemic [online]. Monetary Authority of Singapore. Available from: https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2021/singapore-chongqing-financial-connectivity-strengthens-amid-the-pandemic [Accessed 17 Dec 2021].
- MAS, 2021c. Remarks by Mr Leong Sing Chiong, deputy managing director, Monetary Authority of Singapore, at the China international finance society annual conference on 7 December 2021 [online]. Monetary Authority of Singapore. Available from: https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/speeches/2021/remarks-by-mr-leong-sing-chiong-deputy-managing-director-monetary-authority-of-singapore-at-the-china-international-finance-society-annual-conference-on-7-december-2021 [Accessed 17 Dec 2021].
- Mason, J., 2002. Qualitative researching. London: SAGE.
- McDowell, D., 2019. The (ineffective) financial statecraft of China’s bilateral swap agreements. Development and Change, 50 (1), 122–43.
- McKinsey Global Institute, 2017. China’s digital economy: a leading global force [online]. McKinsey Global Institute. Available from: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/china/chinas-digital-economy-a-leading-global-force [Accessed Aug 30 2020].
- McNally, C.A., 2012. Sino-capitalism: China’s reemergence and the international political economy. World Politics, 64 (4), 741–76.
- McNally, C.A., 2015. The political economic logic of RMB internationalization: a study in Sino-capitalism. International Politics, 52, 704–23.
- M-Daq, 2016. Alibaba spin-off Alipay made a big investment in a Singapore start-up, and no one noticed [online]. M-Daq. Available from: https://www.m-daq.com/news/ [Accessed 10 Oct 2021].
- M-Daq, 2018. M-DAQ partners SGX to launch the world’s first multi-denomination automated quotation prototype [online]. M-Daq. Available from: https://www.m-daq.com/news/ [Accessed 10 Oct 2021].
- Ministry of Commerce, 2018. The Protocol to Upgrade the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Singapore [China-Singapore zimao xieding shengji] [online]. Ministry of Commerce. Available from: http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/singapore_upgrade/singapore_upgrade_special.shtml; http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/singapore/doc/ydsfl6_cn.pdf [Accessed 24 June 2022].
- Ministry of Commerce, 2020. The Ministry of Commerce issues overarching plan of deepening innovative policy experiment on trade and service industry [The Ministry of Commerce guanyu yinfa quanmian shenhua fuwu maoyi chuangxin fazhan shidian zongti fangan de tongzhi] [online]. www.gov.cn. Available from: http://big5.www.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-08/14/content_5534759.htm [Accessed 30 Oct 2020].
- Ministry of Commerce, et al., 2021a. Notice by the Ministry of Commerce, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of promulgating the Guidance for Overseas Investments and Cooperation of Digital Economy [The Ministry of Commerce, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology guanyu yinfa the Guidance for Overseas Investments and Cooperation of Digital Economy de tongzhi] [online]. Ministry of Commerce. Available from: http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zhengce/hyfg/202107/118194.html [Accessed 24 June 2022].
- Ministry of Commerce, et al., 2021b. Notice by the Ministry of Commerce, the Central Cyberspace Administration of China, and the National Development and Reform Commission of promulgating the 14th Five-Year E-commerce Development Plan [The Ministry of Commerce, the Central Cyberspace Administration of China, and the National Development and Reform Commission guanyu yinfa the 14th Five-Year E-commerce Development Plan de tongzhi] [online]. Ministry of Commerce. Available from: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zcfb/zcwg/202202/20220203282001.shtml [Accessed 24 June 2022].
- Mobile Payment Net, 2022. There are 23 pilot regions of digital renminbi and mobile payment users embrace new opportunities [shuzi renminbi shidian diqu da 23 ge yidongzhifu yinglai xinjiyu] [online]. Mobile Payment Net. Available from: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/P2f_gr7VcaRLL7zHcDCW7Q? [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- MoneySmart, 2020. Four new digital bank license winners in Singapore: what it means for us [online]. MoneySmart. Available from: https://blog.moneysmart.sg/business/digital-banks-mas-licenses/ [Accessed 20 October 2021].
- MYbank, 2021. Annual report of MYBank 2020 [online]. MYbank. Available from: https://gw.alipayobjects.com/os/bmw-prod/1761aae9-53a5-426b-b632-1b61a7d619b1.pdf [Accessed 20 Sept 2021].
- National People’s Congress, 2021. Personal data protection law of the People’s Republic of China [The People’s Republic of China geren xinxi baohufa] [online]. National People’s Congress. Available from: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/202108/a8c4e3672c74491a80b53a172bb753fe.shtml [Accessed 29 Oct 2021].
- Naughton, B., 2020. Chinese industrial policy and the digital silk road: the case of Alibaba in Malaysia. Asia Policy, 15 (1), 23–39.
- Nikkei, 2022. Ant Group reboots in Southeast Asia [Ant Group zai Southeast Asia zaichufa] [online]. Nikkei. Available from: https://zh.cn.nikkei.com/china/ccompany/48345-2022-04-24-05-00-44.html?start=1 [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- Oatley, T., 2021. Weaponizing international financial interdependence. In: D.W. Drezner, H. Farrell, and A.L. Newman, eds. The uses and abuses of weaponized interdependence. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 115–29.
- Orient Securities, 2022. CBDC will become a popular mode of cross-border digital payment and m-CBDC Bridge project improves the collaboration between different central banks [CBDC jiangcheng quanqiu kuajing zhifu zhuliu qushi zhiyi duobian yanghang shuwei huobiqiao zhuanan wanshan yanghang jian hezuo] [online]. Orient Securities. Available from: https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202202281549675721_1.pdf?1646823019000.pdf [Accessed 31 Aug 2022].
- Otero-Iglesias, M., and Vermeiren, M., 2015. China’s state-permeated market economy and its constraints to the internationalization of the renminbi. International Politics, 52 (6), 684–703.
- PBOC, 2019. 2019 white paper on the renminbi internationalization-renminbi of the companies that are ‘going out’ [Bank of China renminbi guojihua baipishu going global qiye zhong di renminbi] [online]. Bank of China. Available from: https://pic.bankofchina.com/bocappd/rareport/202004/P020200407590208082037.pdf [Accessed 29 Oct 2021].
- PBOC, 2021. The white paper on the progress of China’s digital fiat currency [China shuzi renminbi de yanfa jinzhan baipishu] [online]. www.gov.cn. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-07/16/content_5625569.htm [Accessed 14 Sept 2021].
- People’s Daily, 2021. Promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the specification of the platform economy [tuidong pingtaijingji guifan jiankang chixu fazhan] [online]. People.cn. Available from: http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0121/c1004-32336233.html [Accessed 10 Sept 2021].
- Reuters, 2017. China's Ant Financial targets brand boost in SEAsia with helloPay deal [online]. Reuters. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ant-financial-m-a-hellopay-idUSKBN17L105 [Accessed 10 October 2021].
- Russell, J., 2017. Alibaba’s Ant Financial takes control of HelloPay to extend its reach in Southeast Asia [online]. Techcrunch. Available from: https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/19/ant-financial-hellopay/ [Accessed 10 Oct 2021].
- Sallai, D., and Schnyder, G., 2021. What is ‘authoritarian’ about authoritarian capitalism? the dual erosion of the private–public divide in state-dominated business systems. Business & Society, 60 (6), 1312–48.
- SAMR, 2019a. Regulations of the State Administration for Market Regulation: the interim provisions on the prohibition of abuse of dominant market position [The State Administration for Market Regulation guizhang jinzhi lanyong shichang zhipei diwei xingwei zhanxing guiding] [online]. State Administration for Market Regulation. Available from: https://gkml.samr.gov.cn/nsjg/fgs/202203/t20220331_340947.html [Accessed 5 Nov 2021].
- SAMR, 2019b. Regulations of the State Administration for Market Regulation: the interim provisions on the prohibition of the abuse of administrative power to eliminate or restrict competition [The State Administration for Market Regulation guizhang zhizhi lanyong xingzheng quanli paichu xianzhi jingzheng xingwei zhanxing guiding] [online]. State Administration for Market Regulation. Available from: https://gkml.samr.gov.cn/nsjg/fgs/201907/t20190701_303058.html [Accessed 5 Nov 2021].
- SAMR, 2019c. Regulations of the State Administration for Market Regulation: the interim provisions on the prohibition of monopoly agreements [The State Administration for Market Regulation guizhang jinzhi longduan xieyi zhanxing guiding] [online]. State Administration for Market Regulation. Available from: https://gkml.samr.gov.cn/nsjg/fgs/202203/t20220331_340946.html [Accessed 29 Aug 2021].
- SAMR, 2021a. The Anti-Monopoly Committee of the State Council promulgates the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy [The Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council guanyu pingtai jingji lingyu de fanlongduan zhinan] [online]. State Administration for Market Regulation. Available from: https://gkml.samr.gov.cn/nsjg/fldj/202102/t20210207_325967.html [Accessed 29 Aug 2021].
- SAMR, 2021b. The State Administration for Market Regulation imposes administrative penalties on Alibaba Group Holding Limited’s implementation of the ‘erxuanyi’ monopolistic behaviour in the online retail platform service market in China [The State Administration for Market Regulation yifa dui Alibaba Group Holding Limited zai China jingnei wangluo lingshou pingtai fuwu shichang shishi erxuanyi longduan xingwei zuochu xingzheng chufa] [online]. State Administration for Market Regulation. Available from: http://www.samr.gov.cn/xw/zj/202104/t20210410_327702.html [Accessed 29 Aug 2021].
- Schubert, G., and Alpermann, B., 2019. Studying the Chinese policy process in the era of ‘top-level design’: the contribution of ‘political steering’ theory. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 24 (2), 199–224.
- Sea Limited, 2021. Annual report of Sea Limited 2020 [online]. Sea Limited. Available from: https://cdn.sea.com/webmain/static/resource/seagroup/pressrelease/2021-04-17%20Sea%20Limited%20Files%20Annual%20Report%20on%20Form%2020-F/2021-04-16%20-%20Form%2020-F.pdf [Accessed 29 Oct 2021].
- Shen, T., and Qin, N., 2021. Ant Group and Tencent obtain the most blockchain patents in China: report [online]. Forkast. Available from: https://forkast.news/ant-group-tencent-most-blockchain-patents-in-china/ [Accessed 1 Sept 2022].
- Shim, Y., and Shin, D.H., 2016. Analysing China’s fintech industry from the perspective of actor–network theory. Telecommunications Policy, 40 (2–3), 168–81.
- Sina, 2020. Can CBDC help China reduce dependence on SWIFT? [yanghang shuzi huobi keyi baituo dui SWIFT de yilai ma?] [online]. Sina. Available from: https://finance.sina.com.cn/blockchain/roll/2020-09-04/doc-iivhuipp2512566.shtml [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- Sina News, 2021. Monetary Authority of Singapore looks forward to drawing on the experience of developing ‘Ubin’ in collaborating with China in regards to developing digital currencies [Monetary Authority of Singapore qidai yu China hezuo zhong chongfen liyong shuzi huobi xiangmu Ubin de jingyan] [online]. Sina News. Available from: https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2021-04-02/doc-ikmyaawa4221956.shtml [Accessed 24 Sept 2021].
- SmallCapAsia, 2020. Digital banking Singapore: who are the winners and losers? [online]. SmallCapAsia. Available from: https://www.smallcapasia.com/digital-banking-singapore-who-are-the-winners-and-losers/ [Accessed 20 Oct 2021].
- Steil, B., and Litan, R.E., 2006. What is financial statecraft? In: B. Steil, and R.E. Litan, eds. Financial statecraft: the role of financial markets in American foreign policy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1–8.
- Synced, 2019. Shared machine learning: Ant Financial’s solution for data privacy [online]. Synced. Available from: https://syncedreview.com/2019/08/22/shared-machine-learning-ant-financials-solution-for-data-privacy/ [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- Synced, 2020. IBM and China’s digital bank WeBank jointly held workshop on federated learning [online]. Synced. Available from: https://syncedreview.com/2020/02/07/ibm-and-chinas-digital-bank-webank-jointly-held-workshop-on-federated-learning/ [Accessed 17 June 2022].
- Tan, Z., 2021. Meet Singapore’s new digital banks [online]. Finder Singapore. Available from: https://www.finder.com/sg/digital-bank-licenses-in-singapore [Accessed 20 Oct 2021].
- Tang, F., 2021. China digital currency: Shanghai, Hainan among regions added to e-yuan trials [online]. South China Morning Post. Available from: https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3129343/china-digital-currency-shanghai-hainan-among-regions-added-e [Accessed 1 June 2021].
- ten Brink, T., 2015. Chinese firms ‘going global’: recent OFDI trends, policy support and international implications. International Politics, 52 (6), 666–83.
- ten Brink, T., 2019. China’s capitalism: a paradoxical route to economic prosperity. Translated by Welch, C. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Tencent Holdings Ltd, 2018. Prospectus of Tencent Holdings Ltd [online]. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Available from: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1744676/000119312518290581/d624633df1.htm#rom624633_22 [Accessed 21 Sept 2021].
- Trademag, 2020. Singapore and China strengthen financial cooperation covering various aspects such as RMB and exchanges [Singapore yu China jiang jiaqiang hangai renminbi he jiaoyisuo deng duofangmian jinrong hezuo] [online]. Trademag. Available from: https://www.trademag.org.tw/page/newsid1/?id=776680&iz=6 [Accessed 13 Sept 2021].
- Wang, J., 2021. The party must strengthen its leadership in finance!’: digital technologies and financial governance in China’s fintech development. The China Quarterly, 247, 773–92.
- WeBank, 2016. Annual report of WeBank 2016 [online]. Webank. Available from: https://res.webank.com/s/hj/www/assets/annual_report2016-d07fc6d04b.pdf [Accessed 20 Sept 2021].
- World Bank Data, 2021. Exports of goods and services (percentage of GDP) – China [online]. The World Bank. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=CN [Accessed 29 Oct 2021].
- Wu, M.-Z., 2020. The US-China trade frictions and financial development trends in China in the post-epidemic era [US-China maoyi chongtu yu houyiqing shidai mainland China jinrong fazhan]. Economic Outlook, 193, 32–6.
- www.gov.cn, 2021. Xi Jinping chairs the ninth meeting of the Central Finance and Economic Committee [Xi Jinping zhuchi zhaokai zhongyang caijing weiyuanhui di 9 ci huiyi] [online]. www.gov.cn. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-03/15/content_5593154.htm [Accessed 26 Nov 2021].
- Xinhua, 2018. Alibaba Group’s Silkroad headquarters settles in Xi'an [Alibaba Group Silk Road zongbu luohu Xi'an] [online]. The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. Available from: http://www.scio.gov.cn/31773/35507/35510/35524/Document/1617056/1617056.htm [Accessed 24 June 2022].
- Xinhua Daily, 2021. How to identify behaviours such as ‘erxuanyi’ and ‘big data shashu’ [erxuanyi dashuju shashu deng xingwei ruhe rending] [online]. Xinhua Daily. Retrieved from: Duxiu https://www.duxiu.com/ [Accessed 10 Sept 2021].
- Zaitchik, A., Kim, J., and Le, K., 2021. Special series, part 2: China lays digital groundwork for a new Silk Road [online]. Forkast. Available from: https://forkast.news/video-audio/part-ii-the-new-silk-road/ [Accessed 24 Sept 2021].
- Zhihu, 2022. Europe and the United States pose a nuclear-bomb-level sanction on Russia: depriving Russia’s access to SWIFT. Digital renminbi can help China bypass the SWIFT system in settling international trades and help develop multiple cross-border payment systems [Europe and America fa jinrong hedan jiang Russua tichu SWIFT shuzi renminbi ke kuaguo SWIFT xitong wancheng guoji maoyi duijie duoge guoji kuajing zhifuxiang] [online]. Zhihu. Available from: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/473306047 [Accessed 17 June 2022].