Nationalism in Ukraine: Towards a new theoretical and comparative framework

References

• Barrington , L. W. 1997 . '"Nation" and "nationalism": the misuse of key concepts in political science' . PS: Political Science and Politics , 30 : 712
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motyl , A. J. 1992 . "The modernity of nationalism: nations, states and nation-states in the contemporary world' . Journal cf International Affairs , 45 : 308
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , A. 1997 . Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. 2002 . 'The myth of the civic state: a critical survey of Hans Kohn's framework for understanding nationalism' . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 25 : 20 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billig , M. 1995 . Banal Nationalism , 104 London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Billig, ibid., p. 177.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl , R. 1989 . Democracy and Its Critics , 737 New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Canovan , M. 1996 . Nationhood and Political Theory , Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• 2001 . 'Sleeping dogs, prowling cats and soaring doves: three paradoxes in the political theory of nationhood' . Political Studies , 49 : 203 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeden , M. 1998 . 'Is nationalism a distinct ideology?' . Political Studies , 46 : 758 – 759 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , A. 1987 . 'Ethnic nationalism: social science paradigms' . International Social Science Journal , 111 : 4
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. D. 1971 . Theories of Nationalism , London : Duckworth .
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . New York Times , 20 March 95 per cent of mainland Chinese were ready to fight to keep Taiwan part of China:
   Google Scholar
• Nunez , X.-M. 2001 . 'What is Spanish nationalism today? From legitimacy crisis to unfulfilled renovation (1975-2000)' . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 24 : 719 – 752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunez, ibid., p. 725.
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. “ 'The nation-building project in Ukraine and identity: towards a consensus' ” . In Nation-Building and Identity in Ukraine , Edited by: Kuzio , T. and D'Anieri , P. Westport , CT : Praeger . forthcoming
   Google Scholar
• Kuchma speaking to an academic conference in Kyiv: Uriadovyi Kurier, 19 June 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Badzyo , Y. 2001 . 'Natsional'na Ideya i Natsional'ne Pytannia--Desiat' Rokiv Nevyznachennia' . Politychna Dumka , 1-2 : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Motyl , A. J. 1999 . Revolutions, Nations, Empires: Conceptual Limits and Theoretical Possibilities , 78 100 – 101 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kohn , H. 1944 . The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Kohn, ibid., pp. 329-330.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann , E. 1999 . 'American exceptionalism reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon ethnogenesis in the "universal" nation' . Journal of American Studies , 33 : 437 – 458 . Kuzio, op. cit., Ref. 2;
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 'Ethnic or civic nation? Theorizing the American case' . Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism , 27 133 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Gellner , E. 1983 . Nations and Nationalism , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. D. 1996 . Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era , 77 – 83 . Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , D. 1999 . 'Are there good and bad nationalisms?' . Nations and Nationalism , 5 : 281 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , D. 2000 . Contemporary Nationalism: Civic, Ethnocultural and Multicultural Politics , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Helbling , J. 1997 . “ 'The nationalist game: state dominance and ethnic nationalism' ” . In Rethinking Nationalism and Ethnicity: The Struggle for Meaning and Order in Europe , Edited by: Wicker , H.-R. 225 – 226 . Oxford : Berg .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , D. 1996 . On nationality' . Nations and Nationalism , 2 : 414
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. D. 1991 . National Identity , 18 Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Plamenatz , J. 1974 . “ 'Two types of nationalism' ” . In Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Idea , Edited by: Kamenka , E. 27 Canberra : Australian National University .
   Google Scholar
• Plamenatz, ibid., p. 24.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen , T. H. 1991 . 'Ethnicity versus nationalism' . Journal of Peace Research , 28 : 267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linz , J. J. 1993 . 'State building and nation building' . European Review , 1 : 355 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Tilly , C. 1975 . “ 'Reflections on the history of European state-making' ” . In The Formation of National States in Western Europe , Edited by: Tilly , C. 3 – 83 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Connor , W. 1993 . 'Beyond reason: the nature of the ethnonational bond' . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 16 : 375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , Julian . 1996 . 'Ukraine--a nation-state or a state of nations?' . Journal of Ukrainian Studies , 21 : 109 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. D. 1998 . Nationalism and Modernism , 163 London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Meadwell , H. 1999 . 'Regions, nations, and the transition to modernity' . Nations and Nationalism , 5 : 21
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. 2001 . Transition in post-communist countries: triple or quadruple?' . Politics , September : 169 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenfeld , L. and Tamir , Y. 1994 . Liberal Nationalism . American Political Science Review , 88 : 457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , J. A. 1993 . 'Nationalisms: classified and explained' . Daedalus , 122 : 21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , A. H. 1978 . 'Minority nationalist movements and theories of political integration' . World Politics , 30 : 332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. 1997 . 'Radical nationalist parties and movements in contemporary Ukraine before and after independence: the right and its politics, 1989-1994' . Nationalities Papers , 25 : 211 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. 1999 . “ 'Defining the political community in Ukraine: state, nation, and the transition to modernity' ” . In State and Institution Building in Ukraine , Edited by: Kuzio , T. , Kravchuk , R. and D'Anieri , P. 213 – 244 . New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kasianov , H. 1999 . Teorii Natsii ta Natsionaliynu , Kyiv : Lybid' .
   Google Scholar
• Majboroda , O. 1999 . Rosiyskiy Natsionalizm v Ukraiini (1991-1998r.r.) , Kyiv : Kyiv Mohyla Academy University .
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . RFE/RL Newsline , 3 January
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . RFE/RL Newsline , 5 January
   Google Scholar
• Arel , D. 1995 . “ 'Ukraine-the temptation of the nationalising state' ” . In Political Culture and Civil Society in Russia and the New States of Eurasia , Edited by: Tismaneanu , V. 157 – 188 . Armonk , NY : M. E. Sharpe . A. Wilson, op. cit., Ref. 3;
   Google Scholar
• Lieven , A. 1999 . Ukraine and Russia: A Fraternal Rivalry , Washington, DC : US Institute of Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. 1998 . Ukraine: State and Nation Building , London : Routledge . For an alternative viewpoint, see
   Google Scholar
• 2001 . "'Nationalising states" or nation building: a review of the theoretical literature and empirical evidence' . Nations and Nationalism , 7 : 135 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Kubicek , P. 2000 . 'Regional polarisation in Ukraine: public opinion, voting and legislative behaviour' . Europe-Asia Studies , 42 : 273 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Loughlin , J. and Bell , J. E. 1999 . 'The political geography of civic engagement in Ukraine' . Post-Soviet Geography , 40 : 239 The same phrase is used by
   Google Scholar
• Birch , S. 2000 . Elections and Democratisation in Ukraine , 29 London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , A. 2000 . The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation , 182 203 New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . Wilson also argues that Kravchuk 'never plunged into nationalism wholesale, and tacked and trimmed where necessary …'. These policies led to 'half-hearted nationalising policies' (pp. 163, 184)
   Google Scholar
• Kas'ianov , G. V. 1998 . 'Ukraiins'kyi natsionalizm: Problema naukovoho pereomyslennia' . Ukraiins'kyi Istorychnyi Zhurnal , 2 : 40
   Google Scholar
• Light , M. 1996 . “ 'Foreign policy thinking' ” . In Internal Factors in Russian Foreign Policy , Edited by: Malcolm , N. , Pravda , A. , Allison , R. and Light , M. 87 Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , A. 1997 . “ 'Ukraine: two presidents and their powers' ” . In Postcommunist Presidents , Edited by: Taras , R. 83 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• D'Anieri, ibid., p. 176.
   Google Scholar
• D'Anieri, ibid., p. 203.
   Google Scholar
• Radio Ukraine World Service, 14 December 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , A. 2000 . "The long march of the Ukrainian left: backwards towards communism, sideways to social-democracy, or forwards to socialism?' . The Masaryk Journal , 3 : 123 130 133 Wilson has also defined the Communist Party of Ukraine as Soviet nationalist: see
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . RFE/RL Newsline , 10 January
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . RFE/RL Newsline , 17 March
   Google Scholar
• Kolsto , P. 2000 . Political Construction Sites: Nation-Building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States , Boulder , CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Janmaat , J. 2000 . Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Educational Policy and the Response of the Russian-Speaking Population , Amsterdam : Netherlands Geographical Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. 1994 . 'Ukrainian nationalism' . Journal of Area Studies , 4 : 79 – 95 . and op. cit., Ref. 49
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , J. 1963 . Ukrainian Nationalism , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Motyl , A. J. 1980 . The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism , Boulder , CO : East European Monographs .
   Google Scholar
• Kubicek , P. 1996 . 'Dynamics of contemporary Ukrainian nationalism: empire-breaking to state building' . Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism , 23 : 39 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• 1999 . 'What happened to the nationalists in Ukraine?' . Nationalism & Ethnic Politics , 5 : 29 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , J. 2000 . From Voting to Violence: Democratisation and Nationalist Conflict , 25 258 New York : W. W. Norton . Wilson disagrees with the definition of national democrats as civic nationalists: see Wilson, op. cit., ref. 66, p. 179. Snyder, on the other hand, defines nationalism in post-Soviet Ukraine as a 'civic-territorial form of national loyalty'. Snyder believes that President Kravchuk promoted a 'moderate civic nationalism': see
   Google Scholar
• D'Anieri , P. J. 1999 . Economic Interdependence in Ukrainian-Russian Relations , 201 Albany , NY : State University Press of New York .
   Google Scholar
• Dergachov , O. October 1999 . “ 'Presidential elections and foreign policy of Ukraine' ” . October , Kyiv : Centre for Peace, Conversion and Foreign Policy of Ukraine .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. 2001 . 'Russia continues to hold up border demarcation with Ukraine' . RFERL Newsline , 30 October
   Google Scholar
• Kubicek , P. 2000 . Unbroken Ties: The State, Interest Associations and Corporatism in Post-Soviet Ukraine , Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Molchanov , M. 2000 . 'Post-communist nationalism as a power resources: a Russian-Ukrainian comparison' . Nationalities Papers , 28 : 283 Molchanov argues that 'selective nationalism' has been used in Ukraine and that 'Nationalist rhetoric lessened when real policies demanded a more accommodating approach': see
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. 2001 . 'Kuchma cornered' . Oxford Anafytica Daily Brief , 6 February
   Google Scholar
• Arel , D. 2001 . 'Kuchmagate and the demise of Ukraine's "geopolitical bluff" . East European Constitutional Review , 10 : 59
   Google Scholar
• Wise , C. R. and Brown , T. L. 1998 . 'The consolidation of democracy in Ukraine' . Democratisation , 5 : 122
   Google Scholar
• Shulman , S. 1999 . 'Asymetrical international integration and Ukrainian national disunity' . Political Geography , 18 : 913 – 939 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulyk , V. 1999 . Ukraiins'kyi Natsionalizm, u Nezalezhniy Ukraiini , 58 Kyiv : Kyiv Mohyla Academy University . Janmaat believes that Western Ukrainians 'tend to be more nationalist than Ukrainians in the rest of Ukraine', and they 'consistently vote for nationalist candidates': J. G. Janmaat, op. cit., Ref. 56, pp. 13, 20
   Google Scholar
• Shulman , S. 2000 . 'Nationalist sources of international economic integration' . International Studies Quarterly , 44 : 382 J. O. Loughlin and J. Bell, op. cit., Ref. 62, p. 257. Janmaat contrasts the 'nationalist west to the Russophone east' (not nationalist east). This again assumes that ethnic Russian or Soviet nationalism does not exist in Russophone areas (Janmaat, op. cit., Ref. 56, p. 166). The only notable exception to this common misconception is Shulman's observation that in Eastern Ukraine there exists 'a modified version of Russian nationalism' that 'promotes the autonomy, identity, and unity of people bearing a regionally based, mixed Russian-Ukrainian identity grounded heavily in Russian language and culture':, Birch also discusses the influence of Russian ethnicity upon voting behaviour which is stronger than that of Ukrainian ethnicity: Birch, op. cit., Ref. 63, p. 28
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamir , Y. 1993 . Liberal Nationalism , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arel , D. 1998 . 'Ukraine: the muddle way' . Current History , 97 : 342 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzio , T. 2001 . "'Muddling along": the first decade of Ukrainian independence' . The Harriman Review , 14
   Google Scholar
• Lieven , Anatol . 1999 . 'The weakness of Russian nationalism' . Survival , 41 : 53 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , A. 'Competing models of Ukrainian national identity' . Ukraine: Challenges of the Continued Transition, Conference Report . June 30 1999 . August . pp. 7 – 10 . Washington, DC : National Intelligence Council and Department of State .
   Google Scholar
• Kolsto , P. 2000 . “ 'Ethnicity and subregional relations: the rise of the Russian diaspora' ” . In Building Security in the New Sates of Eurasia: Subregional Cooperation in the Former Soviet Space , Edited by: Dwan , R. and Pavliuk , O. 212 Armonk , NY : M. E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Bugajski , J. 2000 . “ 'Ethnic relations and regional problems' ” . In Ukraine: The Search for a National Identity , Edited by: Wolchik , S. L. and Zviglyanich , V. 173 Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield . Interviewed in Izvestiya, 11 November 1999. The head of the Press Centre of the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ihor Hrushko, also stated, 'The creation of any unions between Slavic peoples will be a kind of showing off of some ethnic groups in front of others' (Intelnews, 17 November 1999). Bugajski writes that 'Separatists and Russian nationalists have endeavoured to push the Ukrainian authorities into defining the state along ethnic grounds, thus provocatively alienating the large segment of Russian speakers': see
   Google Scholar
• Chudowsky , V. 1998 . “ 'Ukrainian foreign policy in die Kuchma era: domestic and international determinants' ” . University of Connecticut . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Hrytsak , Y. 2000 . “ 'National identity in post-Soviet Ukraine: the case of Lviv and Donetsk' ” . In Culture and Nations of Central and Eastern Europe: Essays in Honor of Roman Szporluk , Edited by: Gitelman , Z. , Hajda , L. , Himka , J-P. and Solchanyk , R. 276 Cambridge , MA : Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute . Soviet identity in the Donbas is not just political, but also ethnic: see
   Google Scholar
• Haran , O. and Majboroda , O. 2000 . Ukraiins'ki Ltvi: Mizh Leninizmom I Sotsial-Demokratieiu , 27 Kyiv : Kyiv Mohyla Academia . Kas'ianov, op. cit., Ref. 50, p. 312. See also
   Google Scholar
• Urban , J. 1998 . 'The communist parties of Russia and Ukraine on the eve of the 1999 elections: similarities, contrasts, and interaction' . Demokratizatsiya , 7 : 111 – 134 .
   Google Scholar