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- Armitage , D. 2000 . The Ideological Origins of the British Empire , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . In early modern Europe, where the boundaries of political community were often very fluid (although competing with a nascent drive to establish fixed territorial entities), and where universalizing ideologies such as those of the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy co-existed with the European impulse for colonial expansion, the distinctions between the horizontal and the vertical were far less clear cut than in much modernist political thought. See, for example
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- Gilbert , Alan . 1999 . Must Global Politics Constrain Democracy ? Great-Power Realism, Democratic Peace and Democratic Internationalism , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . For a penetrating criticism of this attempted divide, see
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- Krasner , S. 1978 . Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments and Foreign Policy , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . It should be noted that some recent realist scholars have also been concerned with examining the utility of economic power: see, Even here, though, military force trumps economics
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- Bell , D. S. A. and MacDonald , P. 2001 . 'Start the evolution without us' . International Security , 26 For a critical response, see
- Krasner , S. 1999 . Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy , 3 Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Waltz, op. cit., Ref. 6
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- Jervis , R. 1978 . 'Co-operation under the security dilemma' . World Politics , 30 : 167 – 214 . Waltz, op.cit., Ref. 6, p. 102; also, However, contemporary realism is generally loath to make explicit the assumptions about human nature and state motivation that underlie the idea of the security dilemma: see here Donnelly, op. cit., Ref. 15, pp. 43-80
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- Krasner , S. 1992 . 'Realism, imperialism, and democracy: a response to Gilbert' . Political Theory , 20 : 38 and Krasner, op. cit., Ref. 41, pp. 3-4
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- Isaac , J. 1995 . "The strange silence of political theory' . Political Theory , 23 : 636 – 688 . This is not to say that primarily normative theories cannot be criticized for failing to provide even a rudimentary appreciation of actually existing political conditions, for such abstraction makes them largely irrelevant in the effort to change the world. See Dunn, op. cit., Ref. 21;
- Bell , Duncan S. A. January 2002 . “ 'Beyond the ethics of desire: rethinking international political theory' ” . January , unpublished ms., A normative dimension is present in all theories, and although a descriptive dimension is not so central, it thus still plays a vital role
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